{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:16:55Z","timestamp":1790745415271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CP Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tick\u2010borne viruses cause thousands of cases of disease worldwide every year. Specific countermeasures to many tick\u2010borne viruses are not commercially available. Very little is known regarding tick\u2010virus interactions and increasing this knowledge can lead to potential targets for countermeasure development. Virus infection of ex vivo organ cultures from ticks can provide an approach to identify susceptible cell types of tissue to infection. Additionally, these organ cultures can be used for functional genomic studies to pinpoint tick\u2010specific genes involved in the virus lifecycle. Provided here are step\u2010by\u2010step procedures to set up basic tick organ cultures in combination with virus infection and\/or functional genomic studies. These procedures can be adapted for future use to characterize other tick\u2010borne pathogen infections as well as tick\u2010specific biological processes. \u00a9 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>: Loading 96\u2010well plates with gelfoam substrate<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>: Step\u2010by\u2010step aseptic dissection of unfed female\/male <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic> ticks for multiple organs<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>: Step\u2010by\u2010step aseptic dissection of fed female <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic> ticks to remove salivary glands<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 4<\/jats:bold>: Metabolic viability analyses of tick organ cultures<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 5<\/jats:bold>: Virus infection of tick organ cultures<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 6<\/jats:bold>: Functional RNA interference analyses using tick organ cultures<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T17:54:59Z","timestamp":1602179699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ixodid Tick Dissection and Tick Ex Vivo Organ Cultures for Tick\u2010Borne Virus Research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Vector\u2010Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health  Hamilton Montana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Kissinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Medical Arts, Research and Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health  Hamilton Montana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1_1","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Biology of ticks","author":"Alarcon\u2010Chaidez F. J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.1359"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_4_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Organ culture of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with maturation of Theileria parva in tick salivary glands in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Bell L. J.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511551802.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_2_6_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"[Mono\u2010 and mixed infection by the tick\u2010borne encephalitis and Powassan viruses of tissue explants from ticks of the genus Hyalomma]","volume":"18","author":"Chunikhin S. P.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parazitologiia"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_7_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"[Reproductive characteristics of the tick\u2010borne encephalitis and Powassan viruses in Dermacentor silvarum imago explants removed from the nymphal cuticle]","volume":"50","author":"Chunikhin S. P.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Meditsinskaia Parazitologiia I Parazitarnye Bolezni"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_8_1","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Morphology, physiology, and behavioral biology of ticks","author":"Fawcett D. W.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2009.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1944-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02628-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01255-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01198985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016184101160"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0039"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_2_20_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Variability of Powassan virus cultured in tissue explants and organism of Hyalomma anatolicum ticks","volume":"29","author":"Khozinskaya G. A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Virologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01194061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_29_1","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Biology of disease vectors","author":"Valenzuela J. G.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1210-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_31_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Arthropod tissue culture in the study of arboviruses and rickettsiae: A review","volume":"55","author":"Yunker C. E.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(67)90049-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2_1","unstructured":"Grabowski Tsetsarkin et\u00a0al. (2017). See above."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_4_1","unstructured":"Grabowskiet\u00a0al. (2018). See above."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_6_1","unstructured":"Grabowskiet\u00a0al. (2019). See above."}],"container-title":["Current Protocols in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpmc.118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cpmc.118","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/cpmc.118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpmc.118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T18:47:58Z","timestamp":1693680478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpmc.118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpmc.118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpmc.118","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-8525","1934-8533"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-8525","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-8533","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e118"}}