{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:18:31Z","timestamp":1790162311397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CP Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>, together with <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>, causes African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), or nagana, a livestock disease carried by bloodsucking tsetse flies in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. These parasitic protists cycle between two hosts: mammal and tsetse fly. The environment offered by each host to the trypanosome is markedly different, and hence the metabolism of stages found in the mammal differs from that of insect stages. For research on new diagnostics and therapeutics, it is appropriate to use the mammalian life cycle stage, bloodstream forms. Insect stages such as procyclics are useful for studying differentiation and also serve as a convenient source of easily cultured, non\u2010infective organisms. Here, we present protocols in current use in our laboratory for the in vitro culture of different life cycle stages of <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>\u2014procyclics, epimastigotes, and bloodstream forms\u2014together with methods for transfection enabling the organism to be genetically modified. \u00a9 2019 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T21:10:44Z","timestamp":1549055444000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i>: In Vitro Culture and Transfection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Kay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol United Kingdom"},{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School University of Bristol  Langford Bristol United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2382"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03772.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00164-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90146-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928108"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1981.tb05322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_7_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Cultivation and in vitro cloning of procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei in a semi\u2010defined medium","volume":"36","author":"Brun R.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00941941"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-39"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000618"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1977.tb00987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.nsa04hs33"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00136-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00135-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.162.4.1256"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000041883"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_19_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"In vitro methods for parasite cultivation","author":"Gray M. 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