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Motor symptoms are caused by depletion of dopamine in the striatum due to the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Approximately 10% of PD cases are familial arising from genetic mutations in \u03b1\u2010synuclein, LRRK2, DJ\u20101, PINK1, parkin, and several other proteins. The majority of PD cases are, however, idiopathic, i.e., having no clear etiology. PD is characterized by progressive accumulation of insoluble inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, mostly composed of \u03b1\u2010synuclein and membrane components. The cause of PD is currently attributed to cellular proteostasis deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are likely interdependent. In addition, neuroinflammation is present in brains of PD patients, but whether it is the cause or consequence of neurodegeneration remains to be studied. Rodents do not develop PD or PD\u2010like motor symptoms spontaneously; however, neurotoxins, genetic mutations, viral vector\u2010mediated transgene expression and, recently, injections of misfolded \u03b1\u2010synuclein have been successfully utilized to model certain aspects of the disease. Here, we critically review the advantages and drawbacks of rodent PD models and discuss approaches to advance pre\u2010clinical PD research towards successful disease\u2010modifying therapy. \u00a9 2020 The Authors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.88","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T15:27:11Z","timestamp":1581521231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin\u2010Induced to Human Parkinson's Disease Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Mikko","family":"Airavaara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilmari","family":"Parkkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE University of Helsinki  Helsinki 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