{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:21:18Z","timestamp":1792290078951,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]],"date-time":"2014-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS) is highly prevalent and associated with a high burden of disease, only a few treatment studies in this patient group exist. This study is the first to investigate the effectiveness of different modalities of psychotherapy in patients with PDNOS, i.e., short\u2010term (up to 6\u2009months) and long\u2010term (more than 6\u2009months) outpatient, day hospital, and inpatient psychotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 205 patients with PDNOS were assigned to one of six treatment modalities. Effectiveness was assessed over 60\u2009months after baseline. The primary outcome measure was symptom severity, and the secondary outcome measures included psychosocial functioning and quality of life. The study design was quasi\u2010experimental, and the multiple propensity score was used to control for initial differences between treatment groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All treatment modalities showed positive outcomes, especially in terms of improvements of symptom severity and social role functioning. At 12\u2010month follow\u2010up, after adjustment for initial differences between the treatment groups, short\u2010term outpatient psychotherapy and short\u2010term inpatient psychotherapy showed most improvement and generally outperformed the other modalities concerning symptom severity. At 60\u2009months after baseline, effectiveness remained but observed differences between modalities mostly diminished.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with PDNOS benefit from psychotherapy both at short\u2010term and long\u2010term follow\u2010up. Short\u2010term outpatient psychotherapy and short\u2010term inpatient psychotherapy seem to be superior to the other treatment modalities at 12\u2010month follow\u2010up. At 60\u2010month follow\u2010up, treatments showed mostly comparable effectiveness. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Practitioner Messages<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The effectiveness of different modalities of psychotherapy in patients with PDNOS (i.e., short\u2010term vs long\u2010term; outpatient versus day hospital versus inpatient psychotherapy) has not yet been compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Different modalities of psychotherapy are effective for patients with PDNOS, and positive effects remain after 5\u2009years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In patients with PDNOS short\u2010term (less than 6 months) outpatient psychotherapy and short\u2010term inpatient psychotherapy seem to be superior to the four other treatment modalities at 12\u2010month follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>At 60\u2010month follow\u2010up, treatments showed mostly comparable effectiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,30]],"date-time":"2014-05-30T00:08:41Z","timestamp":1401408521000},"page":"426-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effectiveness of Psychotherapy in Personality Disorders Not Otherwise Specified: A Comparison of Different Treatment Modalities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Eva K.","family":"Horn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viersprong Institute for Studies on Personality Disorders (VISPD)  Bergen op Zoom The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy Erasmus Medical Centre  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bartak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Bos en Lommer Private Practice  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke M. 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