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The current study aimed at studying the influence of the psychosocial risk factors in a mixed sample of participants from the general population and affected by paranoid schizophrenia. The extent to which the existence of negative life events and events that are threatening to the inner models of the self (i.e., history of maltreatment, physical, social or psychological abuse) or the memories of these traumatic events occurring during childhood are related to the existence of paranoid beliefs in adulthood was explored. Results suggested that memories of parental behaviours characterized by antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization were important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. This further emphasizes the need for understanding the family and social dynamics of people presenting paranoid ideations to the development of therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce the invalidation caused by severe psychopathology, as is the case of schizophrenia. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Practitioner Message<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Memories of family dynamics characterized by behaviours of antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization are important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The study highlights the importance of exploring subjective recalls of feelings and behaviours associated with early rearing experiences, peer relationships and themes related to social rank theory in the roots of internal models of relationship with the self and others in the general sample, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their first\u2010degree relatives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our findings indicate that schizophrenic patients in active phase differ regarding memories of threat and submission and are more likely to remember childhood experiences perceived as threatening during an active phase than when in remission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It is possible that by changing these internal models and social interaction styles, patients may be able to get involved in more cooperating and affiliative interactions, disconfirming these early beliefs about others being rejecting, critical or hostile towards the self, and more effectively reducing the invalidation caused by positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia on social functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1435025500000},"page":"397-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Influence of Family and Childhood Memories in the Development and Manifestation of Paranoid Ideation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9lia Barreto","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences University of Azores  Azores Portugal"},{"name":"CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"da Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences University of Azores  Azores Portugal"},{"name":"CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinto\u2010Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ermelindo","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences University of Azores  Azores Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation","author":"Ainsworth M. 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