{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T15:40:26Z","timestamp":1770219626221,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The concept of an \u2018internal supervisor\u2019 has been used in psychotherapy to describe the way in which the supervisory relationship is internalized and utilized by the supervisee. This research explores the possibility, and potential benefit, of training therapists to develop a \u2018compassionate internal supervisor\u2019. A training programme was developed for trainee cognitive\u2010behavioural therapists using adapted versions of compassion\u2010focused therapy interventions. The training focused on guided imagery exercises and reflective practices undertaken for a 4\u2010week period. Seven trainee cognitive\u2010behavioural therapists were interviewed, utilizing a semi\u2010structured format, regarding their experience of the training programme. The resulting transcriptions were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The analysis identified six super\u2010ordinate themes: (1) the varied nature of the supervisor image, (2) blocks and their overcoming, (3) increased compassion and regulation of emotion, (4) impact on cognitive processes, (5) internalization and integration, and (6) professional and personal benefit. The themes describe the varied ways in which participants created and experienced their compassionate supervisor imagery. Working with the personal blocks encountered in the process provided participants with a deeper understanding of the nature of compassion and its potential to support them in their training, practice and personal lives. The process and impact of \u2018internalizing\u2019 a compassionate supervisory relationship is described by participants and then discussed for potential implications for psychotherapy training and self\u2010practice. Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Practitioner Message<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Compassion\u2010focused therapy, and related compassionate\u2010mind imagery exercises, can be adapted specifically to develop compassion in trainee psychotherapists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Creating, and engaging with, an \u2019ideal compassionate supervisor\u2018 in an imaginal form can support psychotherapy trainees in their clinical practice and development, their supervision and their personal lives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The cultivation of therapist self\u2010compassion can reduce unhelpful cognitive processes such as worry, rumination and self\u2010criticism whilst increasing self\u2010reflection, attentional flexibility and approach behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Identifying, and working with, blocks to compassion is important when cultivating clinician self\u2010compassion<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Therapist self\u2010practice of compassion\u2010focused exercises can provide important insights into the nature of compassion and its cultivation in clients<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T02:42:48Z","timestamp":1469500968000},"page":"632-648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Developing a Compassionate Internal Supervisor: Compassion\u2010Focused Therapy for Trainee Therapists"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tobyn","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Greater Manchester West Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Training Centre  Greater Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust  Greater Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Kolts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Washington University  WA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders","author":"Beck A.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Supervision and clinical psychology: Theory, practice and perspectives","author":"Beinart H.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1920"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Reflection: A blind spot in psychology?","volume":"27","author":"Bennett\u2010Levy J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465803002029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465812000781"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Reflective practice in psychotherapy and counselling","author":"Bennett\u2010Levy J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"Experiencing CBT from the inside out: A self\u2010practice\/self\u2010reflection workbook for therapists","author":"Bennett\u2010Levy J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"Fundamentals of clinical supervision","author":"Bernard J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"272","article-title":"Examining supervisor and supervisee agreement on alliance: Is shame a factor?","volume":"44","author":"Bilodeau C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7729\/41.0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"The working alliance: Theory, research and practice","author":"Bordin E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","volume-title":"A secure base: Parent\u2013child attachment and healthy human development","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"One more time: What is supervision?","volume":"13","author":"Carroll M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychotherapy in Australia"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","volume-title":"On learning from the patient","author":"Casement P.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","volume-title":"Further learning from the patient: The analytic space and process","author":"Casement P.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-011-9208-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.22.1.1.22765"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022062"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","volume-title":"Code of ethics and conduct","author":"Ethics Committee of the British Psychological Society","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","volume-title":"Psychotherapy supervision: An integrative rational approach to psychotherapy supervision","author":"Gilbert M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","volume-title":"Human nature and suffering","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0879(200007)7:3<174::aid-cpp236>3.0.co;2-u"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003459"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Interpersonal cognition","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","volume-title":"The compassionate mind","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203851197"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210444000115"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003459-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","volume-title":"Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development","author":"Kolb D. A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.43.1.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12326-013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners","author":"Larkin M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.887"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291714002141"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy","author":"Lee D. A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","volume-title":"The compassionate mind approach to recovering from trauma using compassion focused therapy","author":"Lee D. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0191-8869(02)00307-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08824096.2011.587555"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","volume-title":"Teaching mindfulness. A practical guide for clinicians and educators","author":"McCown D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s135246580300403x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466507x197415"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07325220802487915"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/147608309x471000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1089-2680.4.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","volume-title":"The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self\u2010regulation","author":"Porges S. W.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465806002876"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005566112869"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Exploring lived experience","volume":"18","author":"Reid K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion\u2010focused imagery","volume":"5","author":"Rockliff H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446221792.n2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods","author":"Smith J. A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","volume-title":"Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research","author":"Smith J. A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118846360.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14733140601185274"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","volume-title":"The maturational processes and the facilitating environment","author":"Winnicott D.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","volume-title":"Playing and reality","author":"Winnicott D.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.33.4.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017379"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcpp.2031","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcpp.2031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpp.2031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T11:58:30Z","timestamp":1696593510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpp.2031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpp.2031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-3995","1099-0879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-3995","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]}}}