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The aim of this review is to give an insight into the state of the art of the use of VR as an assessment tool and treatment intervention in anxiety and related disorders as posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Besides an overview into the efficacy of VR, a summary will be given on assumed working mechanisms in virtual reality exposure therapy and how this aligns with current theoretical models. Further, it will be discussed how VR is accepted by patients and research into the reluctance of therapist to use this technology during treatment with focus on the therapeutic alliance and how it may be influenced by the use of VR. Finally, we discuss clinical and future issues as, for example, dissemination into clinical practice and what VR has to offer therapists in future. This not only in adult population but as well in younger patients, as young adolescents VR has a great potential as it connects easily with its playful elements to this population and might be a low threshold step to offer treatment or preventive interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T14:27:30Z","timestamp":1623076050000},"page":"466-476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3122-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Meyerbr\u00f6ker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Altrecht Academic Anxiety Centre  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nexhmedin","family":"Morina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u20105.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-016-9820-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.2\/lvalmaggia"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"A randomized control trial for the use of in virtuo exposure in the treatment of social phobia: Final results","volume":"4","author":"Bouchard S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1424448"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2008.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1338106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00023-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01156-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Physical presence, social presence, and anxiety in participants with social anxiety disorder during virtual Cue exposure","volume":"22","author":"Felnhofer A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-9-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092804"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalal B. 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