{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:12:50Z","timestamp":1791472370542,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most voice hearers report childhood trauma. Many voice hearers report comorbid post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms and that the content of their voices (auditory verbal hallucinations) is directly (voices repeat phrases spoken by perpetrators) or indirectly (voice content and trauma is thematically similar) related to their trauma. The factors that maintain trauma\u2010related voices are unknown, and there is limited research in this area. This study aimed to identify potential maintaining factors of trauma\u2010related voices by reviewing models of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and positive symptoms of psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Models of PTSD and positive symptoms were reviewed to identify potential factors that are unique and common to both sets of symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed 10 models of PTSD, 4 models of positive symptoms, and 2 trauma\u2010informed models of voice hearing. One model provided a theoretical explanation of different types of trauma\u2010related voices. Twenty\u2010one factors were extracted from 16 theoretical models. No existing model incorporated all these factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Existing PTSD and positive symptom models present a range of common and unique factors. There may be value in extending existing integrative models to include a broader range of potential factors that could explain different pathways to, and expressions of, trauma\u2010related voices. A future research agenda is presented to investigate how such an extension could lead to more complete individualized case formulations and targeted treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T01:14:00Z","timestamp":1652750040000},"page":"1791-1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A narrative review of psychological theories of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder, voice hearing, and other psychotic symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6192-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura P.","family":"Strachan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8973-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgie","family":"Paulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Murdoch University  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Perth Voices Clinic  Murdoch Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"enAble Institute Curtin University  Perth Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Interventions  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"A clinical introduction to psychosis: Foundations for clinical psychologists and neuropsychologists","author":"Badcock J. 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