{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:07:24Z","timestamp":1790129244335,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sudden gains, defined as large and stable improvements in symptom severity during psychological treatment, have consistently been found to be associated with better outcomes across treatments and diagnoses. Yet, insights on coherent predictors of sudden gains and on emotional changes around sudden gains in post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are lacking. We aimed at replicating a measure of intraindividual variability as a predictor for sudden gains and testing its independence from change during treatment. Furthermore, we expected changes in emotions of guilt, shame and disgust prior to sudden gains to predict sudden gains. Data from a pre\u2010registered randomized controlled trial (RCT) of eye\u2010movement desensitization and reprocessing (emdr) and Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) for PTSD in 155 adult survivors of childhood abuse were used. Intraindividual variability of PTSD symptoms in both treatments did not predict sudden gains status and was not independent of change during treatment. In the EMDR condition, levels of shame during treatment predicted sudden gains and shame decreased shortly before a sudden gain in both treatments. Reductions in all emotions during sudden gains were significantly higher for participants with sudden gains than for comparable intervals in non\u2010sudden gainers. Our findings do not support the predictive validity of intraindividual variability for sudden gains. The decrease of guilt, shame and disgust during sudden gains warrants further research on their role as a mechanism of treatment change for PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T19:12:20Z","timestamp":1682017940000},"page":"1029-1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intraindividual variability and emotional change as predictors of sudden gains in imagery rescripting and EMDR for PTSD in adult survivors of childhood abuse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Kuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnoud","family":"Arntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie A.","family":"Rameckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina L.","family":"Boterhoven de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry University of Western Australia  Crawley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Fassbinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nexhmedin","family":"Morina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2006.34.2.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516636068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00173-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1330-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06409blu"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.4.1022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.4.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816022-0.00005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"The SAGE encyclopedia of abnormal and clinical \u200apsychology","author":"Lemmens L. 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