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However, these factors have not been collectively examined to determine whether smoking metacognitions independently and significantly contribute to these outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of distress intolerance, anhedonia, impulsivity and smoking metacognitions on the urge to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and dependency in men who are dependent on smoking. A total of 300 smoking\u2010dependent men completed psychological scales and smoking\u2010related measures. The findings of the study indicated that positive metacognitions about emotion regulation significantly predicted the urge to smoke, even when accounting for other significant predictors such as the number of daily cigarettes smoked, psychological distress, anhedonia and impulsivity. Furthermore, positive metacognitions about cognitive regulation were found to be a significant predictor of withdrawal symptoms, independent of other significant predictors such as psychological distress and the urge to smoke. Smoking dependence was predicted by negative metacognitions about uncontrollability beyond other significant predictors, including the number of daily cigarettes smoked and distress intolerance. These results highlight the role of metacognitions about smoking in both short\u2010 and long\u2010term clinical outcomes related to smoking. Consequently, addressing such beliefs during treatment for smoking dependence should be an important therapeutic goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.3024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T17:30:00Z","timestamp":1719595800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Independent Contribution of Positive and Negative Metacognitions About Smoking to Urge to Smoke, Withdrawal Symptoms and Dependence in Smoking\u2010Dependent Men"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4314-0591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Khosravani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Sciences Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00a0V.","family":"Nik\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural Sciences Kingston University  Kingston upon Thames UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4548-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcantonio\u00a0M.","family":"Spada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences London South Bank University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed\u00a0Mehdi","family":"Samimi\u00a0Ardestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Imam Hossein Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1160-2117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences Semnan University  Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u2010842X.2001.tb00310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306\u20104603(01)00241\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming","author":"Byrne B. 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