{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:40:15Z","timestamp":1787586015528,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>OCD is a prevalent and debilitating mental disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviours. While cognitive models attribute OCD to dysfunctional beliefs and misinterpretations of intrusive thoughts, the inflexibility model emphasizes the role of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion. This study investigates the relative predictive power of the cognitive and inflexibility frameworks in individuals with OCD compared to non\u2010clinical controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 315 participants were recruited: 125 individuals with OCD and 190 non\u2010clinical controls. Participants completed self\u2010report measures of OCI\u2010R, AAQ\u2010II, CFQ and interpretation of intrusions (III). ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were conducted to examine group differences and relationships between variables. Finally, multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed to investigate the predictive power of these variables on OCD symptoms in both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results indicated that individuals with OCD exhibited significantly higher levels of cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, and misinterpretation of intrusions compared to non\u2010clinical controls. Regression analyses revealed that cognitive fusion and interpretation of intrusions were significant predictors of OCD symptoms in the non\u2010clinical group (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.265***), while experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion were significant predictors in the clinical group (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.254***).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence for a multifaceted understanding of OCD. While the interpretation of intrusions may be more relevant in subclinical experiences of OCD, experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion may be more important as severity increases. This shift in emphasis suggests that the inflexibility model may be a better predictor of OCD symptoms than the cognitive model in individuals with a long history of the disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T19:10:05Z","timestamp":1743880205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dual Frameworks for Understanding OCD: Cognitive Misappraisals and Psychological Inflexibility in Clinical and Non\u2010Clinical Populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4924-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra\u00a0Nejad\u2010Ebrahim","family":"Soumee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9519-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Rasouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Krafft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Mississippi State University  Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2816-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedeh\u00a0Elnaz","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Zanjan University of Medical Sciences  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire \u2013II","volume":"3","author":"Abasi E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Models and Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/00411-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(09)60240\u20133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010010\u20100337\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2022.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000624"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20132909.88.3.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410606266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20133590.14.4.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002076402128783055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1402176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107967(00)00085\u20131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107967(02)00099\u20132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes S. 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