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A limited number of recent studies have found promising results when examining the use of VRE in the treatment of contamination\u2010related obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of VRE with in\u00a0vivo and imaginal exposure in reducing contamination\u2010related OCD symptoms. Forty\u2010four participants diagnosed with DSM\u20105 OCD and whose primary symptoms were contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions were included in the study. Participants were matched based on their Y\u2010BOCS scores and assigned to VRE (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097), in\u00a0vivo exposure (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098), imaginal exposure (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) and wait\u2010list control (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910) groups. Participants in the exposure groups completed an average of 10 exposure sessions with two sessions per week. The results indicated that VRE reduced the severity of OCD symptoms and contamination\u2010related cognitions, as well as improving psychological well\u2010being. Additionally, the findings suggest that VRE may be as effective as in\u00a0vivo and imaginal exposure in reducing OCD symptoms, particularly in diminishing contamination\u2010related anxiety and compulsive behaviours. The findings of the study indicate that VRE may offer a viable alternative to other exposure techniques.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T12:24:48Z","timestamp":1753964688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Virtual Reality Into OCD Treatment: Comparing Virtual Reality and Traditional Exposure Techniques in a Clinical Sample for Contamination\u2010Related OCD"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Mujgan","family":"Inozu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Hacettepe University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bikem","family":"Karg\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hacettepe University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Uzumcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Baskent University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u00e7in\u00a0\u00d6z\u00e7elik","family":"Ero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hacettepe University School of Medicine  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Usta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hacettepe University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolunay\u00a0Cemre","family":"Durmu\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hacettepe University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guzide","family":"Tulek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Sivas Cumhuriyet University  Sivas Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caner","family":"Tulek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology At\u0131l\u0131m University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Topcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology S\u00fcleyman Demirel University  Isparta Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmut\u00a0Esat","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hacettepe University School of Medicine  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107894(96)80045\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u2010006x.71.2.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Clinical Handbook of Obsessivecompulsive Disorder and Related Problems","author":"Abramowitz J. 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