{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:13:23Z","timestamp":1772997203938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the growing acceptance and use of the evolutionary tripartite model of affect regulation, the lack of a suitable instrument capable of gauging the activation of the threat, drive and soothing systems hinders further advances. The aim of this study was to preliminarily validate the Emotions\u2010Affect Systems ELicitation (EASEL\u20103)\u2014a novel index used to estimate the activation of the three affect regulation systems. Evaluated were the assessment of its dimensionality, measurement invariance, psychometric properties and construct and nomological validity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An international sample of people with fibromyalgia (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092033, 94% women) and controls (i.e., people without the disease;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009463, 71% women) completed the EASEL\u20103 and clinical symptoms measures. A subsample of people with fibromyalgia (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009162) completed additional measures of threat (behavioural inhibition, rumination), drive (behavioural activation) and soothing\u2010related constructs (compassionate self\u2010responding, social safeness).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Confirmatory analyses supported a three\u2010factor solution (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (206)\u2009=\u20092322.236,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; CFI\u2009=\u20090.877; TLI\u2009=\u20090.862; RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.071, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.052 for fibromyalgia and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (206)\u2009=\u2009726.838,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; CFI\u2009=\u20090.870; TLI\u2009=\u20090.855; RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.074, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.061 for controls) that was found to be partially invariant between groups (\u0394CFI, \u0394RMSEA and \u0394SRMR within the recommended values except for \u0394CFI\u2009&gt;\u20090.010 in scalar invariance). Reliability ranged from acceptable to excellent (Cronbach's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.78\u20130.92). Mean comparison analyses showed that the EASEL\u20103 profile of people with fibromyalgia significantly differed from that of controls, with the former experiencing a greater threat system activation score and lower drive and soothing system activation scores (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The EASEL\u20103 was moderate\u2010to\u2010strongly associated with theoretically related constructs and clinical symptoms. The soothing system activation score moderated the relationship between the threat system activation score and fibromyalgia\u2010like symptoms but not somatic or depressive symptoms. A weaker association between threat activation scores and fibromyalgia\u2010like symptoms was observed with higher soothing system activation scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings support the three\u2010dimensional structure of the EASEL\u20103, its reliability, temporal stability and adequate nomological and construct validity. Results suggest that the EASEL\u20103 is a psychometrically sound measure to assess the evolutionary tripartite model of affect through discrete emotions both in fibromyalgia and general populations and to examine how threat, soothing and drive system activation scores differ across populations and may affect symptoms. Future avenues for research are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T06:29:08Z","timestamp":1754116148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dimensionality and Psychometric Properties of the Emotions\u2010Affect Systems ELicitation (EASEL\u20103) in Fibromyalgia and the General Population: A Cross\u2010Cultural Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana\u00a0Margarida","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"University Clinic of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-9352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana\u00a0Campos","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"HEI\u2010Lab: Digital Human\u2010Environment Interaction Labs Lus\u00f3fona University  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cla\u00fadia","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES)  Matosinhos Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences University of Aveiro  Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco\u00a0J.","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB) University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department Coimbra Hospital and University Centre  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1864-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinie","family":"Geenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Altrecht Psychosomatic Medicine Eikenboom  Zeist the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9\u00a0A.\u00a0P.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Rheumatology Department Coimbra Hospital and University Centre  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (i.CBR), Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914565518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429506796-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Gender and Survey Participation: An Event History Analysis of the Gender Effects of Survey Participation in a Probability\u2010Based Multi\u2010Wave Panel Study With a Sequential Mixed\u2010Mode Design","volume":"16","author":"Becker R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods, Data, Analyses: A Journal for Quantitative Methods and Survey Methodology (Mda)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","author":"Brown T. 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