{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:17:14Z","timestamp":1791562634009,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62276169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62276169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62201356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62201356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nonsuicidal self\u2010injury (NSSI) is increasingly conceptualized as an addiction\u2010like behaviour characterized by dysregulated emotional and cognitive processes. Guided by the I\u2010PACE model, this study investigated how person\u2010level vulnerabilities interact with affective, mental and executive functioning to maintain NSSI in clinically depressed adolescents (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009167, aged 12\u201318, M\u2009=\u200915.37\u2009\u00b1\u20091.75\u2009years). Results revealed strong addiction\u2010like patterns. Childhood trauma, depression and rumination demonstrated significant associations with NSSI frequency (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.59\u20130.61), while resilience and self\u2010esteem served as protective factors (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.53 to \u22120.55). A hierarchical regression model explained 69% of variance, with trauma (OR\u2009=\u20091.12), depressive severity (OR\u2009=\u20091.11), rumination (OR\u2009=\u20091.11) and resilience (OR\u2009=\u20090.90) emerging as key predictors. Mediation analyses demonstrated how these factors operate in the addictive chain. Childhood trauma and borderline traits lead to affective dysregulation, which drives cognitive deficits that ultimately undermine resilience and increase NSSI risk (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.28 and \u22120.24). These findings support the use of an addiction framework to conceptualize NSSI, while highlighting resilience\u2010focused interventions as critical for breaking these maladaptive cycles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T04:56:01Z","timestamp":1757998561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploration of Nonsuicidal Self\u2010Injury as an Addiction\u2010Like Behaviour in Depressed Adolescents in the light of the I\u2010PACE Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2758-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anam","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Medical School, Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Medical School, Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan\u00a0Mehmood","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School at Shenzhen Tsinghua University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Medical School, Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Medical School, Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering Medical School, Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9465-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.006"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","article-title":"The Addictive Model of Self\u2010Harming (Non\u2010Suicidal and Suicidal) Behavior","volume":"7","author":"Blasco\u2010Fontecilla H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-021-00400-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","article-title":"Self\u2010Esteem and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta\u2010Analytic Review","author":"Buecker S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00531-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04800-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","unstructured":"Chloe H.2015. \u201cNonsuicidal Self\u2010Injury and Suicidal Risk: An Examination Among Young Adults\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12350"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.747031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2023.2237075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-021-00161-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.794699"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1241219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01293-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002497"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1406283"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12233"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"530","article-title":"Mediating Effect of Psychological Symptoms, Coping Styles, and Impulsiveness on the Relationship Between Childhood Abuses and Non\u2010Suicidal Self\u2010Injuries Among Middle School Students","volume":"47","author":"Ma S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, Journal of Hygiene Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2017.1330832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.758610"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nock M. K. andC. B.Cha.2009. \u201cPsychological Models of Nonsuicidal Self\u2010Injury\u201d.","DOI":"10.1037\/11875-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755857"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21966"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222942"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107365"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-1048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06868-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xavier A. J.Pinto\u2010Gouveia M.Cunha andA.Dinis2017. \u201cLongitudinal Pathways for the Maintenance of Non\u2010Suicidal Self\u2010Injury in Adolescence: The Pernicious Blend of Depressive Symptoms and Self\u2010Criticism.\u201d Paper presented at the Child & Youth Care Forum.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-017-9406-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912441"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-9950-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2007.35.1.19"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Childhood Trauma as a Risk Factor for High\u2010Risk Behaviors in Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorder","volume":"18","author":"Zashchirinskaia O.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04938-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","author":"Zhao X.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12392"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1033242"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050559"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpp.70147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T06:44:15Z","timestamp":1762929855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpp.70147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpp.70147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.70147","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-3995","1099-0879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-3995","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70147"}}