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A total of 44 studies were included, focusing on genetic, environmental and psychosocial factors. We employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for study selection and quality assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010four studies were included. We identified 15 cross\u2010disorder risk factors. Of these, nine domains had evidence across all three disorders. The remaining six domains showed a more restricted pattern (present for ADHD and\/or CD, but not yet studied or not reported for IED): maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, low birth weight\/other perinatal risks, parental psychopathology\/maternal mental health, MAOA\/COMT genetic variants and parenting stress\/school\u2010related disadvantage that has not been tested for IED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings emphasise the importance of shared environmental and biological factors across these disorders, with implications for integrated intervention strategies. The review highlights gaps in research and calls for more targeted studies that incorporate gender, developmental stage and family dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T07:33:39Z","timestamp":1765870419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Intermittent Explosive Disorder, ADHD and Conduct Disorder: Shared and Unique Influences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7913-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"ADHD Diagnostic Trends: Increased Recognition or Overdiagnosis?","volume":"119","author":"Abdelnour E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30871"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010020\u201001181\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0002\u20109432.72.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705283880"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9478"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.4.516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11081259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21536"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578\u2010008\u20100097\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0012162200001523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008\u20101380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802\u2010013\u20109764\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583\u2010200105000\u201000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026553518272"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000845"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3735634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010023\u201002505\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079566"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.661"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100447.2007.01050.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000613"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291704004155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.57.4.512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003\u2010066x.43.10.786"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Langley K. 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