{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:19:46Z","timestamp":1787620786943,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFU252949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU252949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study estimated the prevalence of probable depression among parents and primary caregivers of children and adolescents with specific learning disorders (SLDs) in Saudi Arabia and developed explainable machine\u2010learning models for screening\u2010oriented classification. In this multicentre cross\u2010sectional study, 612 caregivers were recruited through clinical, psychoeducational, educational and community pathways. Children had formally documented SLD diagnoses established through qualified clinical, psychoeducational, school psychology or multidisciplinary services. Probable depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire\u20109 score of 10 or higher. Forty\u2010seven candidate predictors covered parent, child, family, psychosocial, socio\u2010economic, stigma\u2010related and service\u2010access domains. Elastic\u2010net logistic regression, random forest, XGBoost, LightGBM and a soft\u2010voting ensemble were evaluated using stratified 10\u2010fold cross\u2010validation. Probable depression was identified in 218 participants (35.6%; 95% CI 31.8\u201339.6). XGBoost and the soft\u2010voting ensemble achieved the highest ROC AUC (0.916); XGBoost yielded an average precision (AP) of 0.867 and a Brier score of 0.115. At a screening\u2010oriented threshold of 0.425, XGBoost achieved sensitivity of 0.858, specificity of 0.830 and negative predictive value of 0.913. SHAP analyses identified parenting stress, parental anxiety symptoms, sleep quality, SLD severity, child emotional and behavioural difficulties, perceived social support and coping capacity as the most influential predictive features. Probable depression was common in this service\u2010 and community\u2010recruited sample. Explainable models may support family\u2010centred identification and referral, but external evaluation is required before implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:24:05Z","timestamp":1784834645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Prevalence and Key Predictors of Probable Depression Among Parents and Primary Caregivers of Children and Adolescents With Specific Learning Disorders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross\u2010Sectional Explainable Machine\u2010Learning Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6920-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Ahmed","family":"Almulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, College of Education King Faisal University  Al\u2010Ahsa Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Ahmad Saleem","family":"Khasawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Education Department King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2023.104424"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991\u2010017\u20100155\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010023\u201017228\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.2026\u201cWhat Are Specific Learning Disorders?\u201d Retrieved May 17 2026.https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients\u2010families\/specific\u2010learning\u2010disorder\/what\u2010is\u2010specific\u2010learning\u2010disorder."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407595123009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033\u2010024\u201000640\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1198302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1229155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102023\u2010078378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_2190_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010023\u201004937\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103476(88)80056\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3294996.3295074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525\u20101497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295230"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J002v06n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","volume-title":"Guide for Teachers of Learning Difficulties in the Primary Stage","author":"Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102024\u2010082505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982\u2010024\u201000220\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/30.5.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219888"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109868.2005.00503.x"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology &amp; 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