{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:36:26Z","timestamp":1793018186137,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Adverse childhood events and insecure attachment lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and social support, predisposing individuals to post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) when exposed to potentially traumatic events. However, the field lacks an integrated account of how these risk and protective factors combine, including the pathways through which attachment\u2010related vulnerability contributes to trauma symptoms. This study tested a proposed intra\u2010interpersonal vulnerability model using structural equation modelling with a sample of 706 participants (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200930.64\u2009years, SD\u2009=\u200911.00). Model fit was strong for symptoms of ICD\u201011 PTSD (CFI\u2009=\u20090.969; SRMR\u2009=\u20090.055) and ICD\u201011 CPTSD (CFI\u2009=\u20090.976; SRMR\u2009=\u20090.056). The model explained 35% of variance in PTSD symptoms and 75.7% of variance in CPTSD symptoms. Cross\u2010validation supported the generalisability of the model, with the overall pattern of effects also replicated among participants with elevated PTSD\/CPTSD symptoms. As expected, adverse childhood events were linked to attachment insecurity (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.29), which influenced emotional identification, emotion dysregulation and social connectedness (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.24 to\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.69). Contrary to expectations attachment insecurity did not impact either PTSD or CPTSD trauma symptoms directly. Emotion dysregulation was significantly associated with both PTSD and CPTSD symptoms, whereas social connectedness was associated with CPTSD but not PTSD symptoms. Overall, the results indicate that risk and protective factors build upon each other, reinforcing the importance of developmental aspects in the emergence of post\u2010traumatic stress. Limitations include a community sample and cross\u2010sectional data, suggesting a need for longitudinal research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:22:31Z","timestamp":1788315751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Intra\u2010Interpersonal Vulnerability Model for Understanding Trauma Conditions: Factors in the Development and Maintenance of PTSD and Complex PTSD"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1566-1146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reuben","family":"Kindred","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Nedeljkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221144588"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.103.3.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103999(94)90005\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.107.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming","author":"Byrne B. 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