{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:57:10Z","timestamp":1790816230668,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]],"date-time":"2011-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Metacognitive theory, amongst other theories, gives an important role to beliefs about mental states, including beliefs about emotions, in the maintenance of distress. Mentalization theory as well as the dialectical behaviour therapy and emotion\u2010focused therapy literature specifies particular beliefs thought to be related to emotion dysregulation and therefore to a label of borderline personality disorder. The current study aimed to develop a questionnaire to measure the beliefs about emotions as specified by this literature and to test the relationship of this new measure to various aspects of emotion regulation in a non\u2010clinical sample of 289 participants. A factor analysis extracted six factors, which described beliefs about emotions as (a) overwhelming and uncontrollable; (b) shameful and irrational; (c) invalid and meaningless; (d) useless; (e) damaging; and (f) contagious. The final measure showed some promising psychometric properties. All of the questionnaire subscales were related to aspects of emotion dysregulation including distress, borderline personality disorder symptoms and behaviours associated with dysregulation of emotion, suggesting that beliefs about emotions could be an important metacognitive construct involved in the ability to regulate emotions. Beliefs about emotions may be a useful direct or indirect target for treatment of difficulties regulating emotions, and this could be achieved through the use of various therapeutic modalities. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Practitioner Message<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This article provides information relevant to difficulties with emotion regulation. Such difficulties may underlie or be important in many clinically presenting difficulties notably a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Beliefs about emotions develop the metacognitive therapy literature as well as being relevant to mentalization\u2010based treatment, dialectical behaviour therapy and emotion\u2010focused therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The new questionnaire discussed may, in the future, be a useful tool in assessment and formulation, as well as evaluation of outcome in therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Beliefs about emotions may be a direct or indirect target for therapeutic work, and the themes described in this article may be a useful guide as to some of the problematic beliefs that clients may hold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,6]],"date-time":"2011-03-06T01:27:18Z","timestamp":1299374838000},"page":"235-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Beliefs about Emotions as a Metacognitive Construct: Initial Development of a Self\u2010Report Questionnaire Measure and Preliminary Investigation in Relation to Emotion Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Manser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Doctoral Course in Clinical Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Oxfordshire Improving Access to Psychological Therapies Service  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Doctoral Course in Clinical Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Trefusis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Counselling Service  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.18.1.36.32772"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780198527664.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000098493"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050443"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5403&4_11","article-title":"Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: Initial scale development and implications","volume":"54","author":"Cantanzaro S.J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00011-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10725-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Psychoanalytic theories: Perspectives from developmental psychopathology","author":"Fonagy P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.76.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10447-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-006-9011-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(200102)57:2<197::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"Emotion in psychotherapy","author":"Greenberg L.S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395492"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.6.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930050117648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9103-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(02)80048-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder","volume":"51","author":"Linehan M.M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Cognitive behavioural treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan M.M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"Borderline personality disorder: Treatment and management (draft for consultation)","author":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"Research explorations in adult attachment","author":"Pottharst K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-005-7955-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010337231127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.3.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0879(199905)6:2<86::AID-CPP189>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","volume-title":"Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy","author":"Wells A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","volume-title":"Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective","author":"Wells A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90167-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema\u2010focused approach","author":"Young J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcpp.745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpp.745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T07:45:05Z","timestamp":1700552705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpp.745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpp.745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.745","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-3995","1099-0879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-3995","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]]}}}