{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:08:46Z","timestamp":1791194926163,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]],"date-time":"2011-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Psychology and Psychoth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aims of this study were to investigate the basic emotions experienced within and between episodes of bipolar disorder and, more specifically, to test the predictions made by the Schematic, Propositional, Analogical and Associative Representation Systems (SPAARS) model that mania is predominantly characterized by the coupling of happiness with anger whereas depression (unipolar and bipolar) primarily comprises a coupling between sadness and disgust.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional design was employed to examine the differences within and between the bipolar, unipolar and control groups in the emotional profiles. Data were analysed using one\u2010way ANOVAs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychiatric diagnoses in the clinical groups were confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV (SCID). It was not administered in the control group. Current mood state was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory\u2010II, the State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Bech\u2013Rafaelsen Mania Scale. The Basic Emotions Scale was used to explore the emotional profiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results confirmed the predictions made by the SPAARS model about emotions in mania and depression. Outwith these episodes, individuals with bipolar disorder experienced elevated levels of disgust.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence was found in support of the proposal of SPAARS that there are five basic emotions, which form the basis for both normal emotional experience and emotional disorders. Disgust is an important feature of bipolar disorder. Strengths and limitations are discussed, and suggestions for future research are explored. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Practitioner Message<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>There are five basic emotions which form the basis for emotional experience.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Disgust is an important feature of bipolar disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings should be considered within clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1314878910000},"page":"366-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["What Basic Emotions Are Experienced in Bipolar Disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Carolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Edinburgh  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mick J.","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Edinburgh  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Emotion and personality","author":"Arnold M.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Progress in the psychology of language","author":"Barnard P.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939108411021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(78)90022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression","author":"Beck A.T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory\u2010II","author":"Beck A.T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"The passions of the soul","author":"Descartes R.","year":"1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90273-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV axis disorders. Research version,patient edition with psychotic screen. (SCIDI\/P W\/Psy Screen)","author":"First M.B.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00969-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181663015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Manic depressive illness","author":"Goodwin F.K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Theoretical and experimental bases of behaviour modification","author":"Gray J.A.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of anxiety","author":"Gray J.A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","volume-title":"Handbook of psychological assessment","author":"Groth\u2010Marnat G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.117.539.437"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/os-IX.34.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00111-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.4.330"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192104000-00057","volume-title":"Manic depressive insanity and paranoia","author":"Kraeplin E.","year":"1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy for manic depression","author":"Lam D.H.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00462-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197604)32:2<276::AID-JCLP2270320215>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.3.315","article-title":"What's basic about \u201cbasic\u201d emotions?","volume":"97","author":"Ortony A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.013870"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(97)01446-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500367925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","volume-title":"Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder","author":"Power M.J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","volume-title":"Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder","author":"Power M.J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016288002929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4703_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.1.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615809708249303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","volume-title":"Manual for the State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (Form Y)","author":"Spielberger C.D.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199506000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch31"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","volume-title":"Affect, cognition and change: Remodelling depressive thought","author":"Teasdale J.D.","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcpp.777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpp.777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T19:35:06Z","timestamp":1694460906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpp.777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpp.777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.777","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-3995","1099-0879"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-3995","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0879","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]]}}}