{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:56:43Z","timestamp":1790503003233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]],"date-time":"2019-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharma and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>) and related dementia is an immense personal and public health burden. Available treatments have modest efficacy in reducing symptoms of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> and have no significant impact on the course of the illness. Moreover, attempts to discover novel treatments have to date failed. Noninvasive brain stimulation comprises a suite of interventions that are based on transcranial magnetic or electric stimulation of different brain regions. Promising findings are emerging from two forms of noninvasive brain stimulation: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTMS<\/jats:styled-content>) and transcranial direct current stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>). Here, the results from the randomized controlled trials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s) that assessed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTMS<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> or in mild cognitive impairment, a clinical state that typically preceded <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>, are reviewed. Overall, there are few <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s, and most of them are limited by small sample sizes. Larger <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s and additional research are needed to identify the best stimulation parameters for these two interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T08:57:22Z","timestamp":1563526642000},"page":"776-780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Tarek K.","family":"Rajji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","unstructured":"World Alzheimer's Report. <https:\/\/www.alz.co.uk\/research\/statistics>. 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