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However, expectations of events and outcomes are often not met in daily life and clinical practice. It is currently unknown how this affects placebo and nocebo effects. We have demonstrated that the violation of expectancies, such as when there is a discrepancy between what is expected and what is actually presented, reduces both placebo and nocebo effects while causing an extinction of placebo effects. The reduction of placebo and nocebo effects was paralleled by an activation of the left inferior parietal cortex, a brain region that redirects attention when discrepancies between sensory and cognitive events occur. Our findings highlight the importance of expectancy violation in shaping placebo and nocebo effects and open up new avenues for managing positive and negative expectations in clinical trials and practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T08:23:20Z","timestamp":1564215800000},"page":"1246-1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["When Expectancies Are Violated: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Luana","family":"Colloca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science University of Maryland Baltimore School of Nursing Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven A.","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science University of Maryland Baltimore School of Nursing Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic E.","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Grillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021542"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5538-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000069738"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44519-8_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"70ra14","article-title":"The effect of treatment expectation on drug efficacy: imaging the analgesic benefit of the opioid remifentanil","volume":"70","author":"Bingel U.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. 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