{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:43:27Z","timestamp":1792799007287,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]],"date-time":"2020-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharma and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is a rapidly expanding literature on the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    antiviral activity of drugs that may be repurposed for therapy or chemoprophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102). However, this has not been accompanied by a comprehensive evaluation of the target plasma and lung concentrations of these drugs following approved dosing in humans. Accordingly, concentration 90% (EC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) values recalculated from\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 activity data was expressed as a ratio to the achievable maximum plasma concentration (C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) at an approved dose in humans (C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/EC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratio). Only 14 of the 56 analyzed drugs achieved a C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/EC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratio above 1. A more in\u2010depth assessment demonstrated that only nitazoxanide, nelfinavir, tipranavir (ritonavir\u2010boosted), and sulfadoxine achieved plasma concentrations above their reported anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 activity across their entire approved dosing interval. An unbound lung to plasma tissue partition coefficient (\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>lung<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was also simulated to derive a lung C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/half\u2010maximal effective concentration (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) as a better indicator of potential human efficacy. Hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, mefloquine, atazanavir (ritonavir\u2010boosted), tipranavir (ritonavir\u2010boosted), ivermectin, azithromycin, and lopinavir (ritonavir\u2010boosted) were all predicted to achieve lung concentrations over 10\u2010fold higher than their reported EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Nitazoxanide and sulfadoxine also exceeded their reported EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    by 7.8\u2010fold and 1.5\u2010fold in lung, respectively. This analysis may be used to select potential candidates for further clinical testing, while deprioritizing compounds unlikely to attain target concentrations for antiviral activity. Future studies should focus on EC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    values and discuss findings in the context of achievable exposures in humans, especially within target compartments, such as the lungs, in order to maximize the potential for success of proposed human clinical trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T18:51:38Z","timestamp":1590087098000},"page":"775-790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Prioritization of Anti\u2010SARS\u2010Cov\u20102 Drug Repurposing Opportunities Based on Plasma and Target Site Concentrations Derived from their Established Human Pharmacokinetics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Pertinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Box","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Tatham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajith K. R.","family":"Rajoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Curley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4960-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Neary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-8966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neill J.","family":"Liptrott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Valentijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6946-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve P.","family":"Rannard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5288-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghaith","family":"Aljayyoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7160-6275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun H.","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saye H.","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G.","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pat Bray Electrical Wigan UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6356-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo A.","family":"Biagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-7651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.COVID\u201019 Trials \u2010 International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)<https:\/\/www.who.int\/ictrp\/search\/en\/> (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID\u201019 in Wuhan, China","author":"Qin C.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","article-title":"Single\u2010cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","author":"Zhao Y.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","article-title":"Prolonged presence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viral RNA in faecal samples","author":"Wu Y.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","article-title":"Kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) Infection","author":"Diao B.H.","journal-title":"J medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30057-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","article-title":"The digestive system is a potential route of 2019\u2010nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single\u2010cell transcriptomes","author":"Zhang H.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30313-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.011157"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen X.et al.Detectable serum SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely associated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) level in critically ill COVID\u201019 patients.Clin. Infect. Dis.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.29.20029520.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.29.20029520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","article-title":"Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID\u201019","author":"Liu Y.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20322"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-9210-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01596-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2010.492879"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0597-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(67)90089-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"4837","article-title":"Distribution of tamoxifen and its metabolites in rat and human tissues during steady\u2010state treatment","volume":"51","author":"Lien E.A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/392010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2014.942409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A: extension to tissue distribution kinetics in rats and scale\u2010up to human","volume":"287","author":"Kawai R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency(PMDA).Report on the deliberation results \u2010 Xospata tablets 40 mg<https:\/\/www.pmda.go.jp\/drugs\/2014\/P201400148\/800155000_22600AMX01325_I100_1.pdf> (2018). Accessed May 4 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","article-title":"FDA approved drugs with broad anti\u2010coronaviral activity inhibit SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in vitro","author":"Weston S.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","article-title":"A data\u2010driven drug repositioning framework discovered a potential therapeutic agent targeting COVID\u201019","author":"Ge Y.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and SARS\u2010CoV differ in their cell tropism and drug sensitivity profiles","author":"Bojkova D.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","article-title":"In vitro screening of a FDA approved chemical library reveals potential inhibitors of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 replication","author":"Touret F.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","article-title":"Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 from FDA\u2010approved drugs","author":"Jeon S.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","article-title":"Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS CoV\u20102 in vitro and canine coronavirus in vivo","author":"Xu T.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","article-title":"Atazanavir inhibits SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 replication and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production","author":"Fintelman\u2010Rodrigues N.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","article-title":"Nelfinavir inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in vitro","author":"Yamamoto N.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","article-title":"The IMPDH inhibitor merimepodib suppresses SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 replication in vitro","author":"Bukreyeva N.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","article-title":"Structure of Mpro from COVID\u201019 virus and discovery of its inhibitors","author":"Jin Z.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102)","author":"Yao X.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","article-title":"Nelfinavir is active against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in Vero E6","author":"Xu Z.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C.et al.Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID\u201019: a randomized clinical trial.J. medRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.17.20037432.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.20037432"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid\u201019","author":"Grein J.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70717-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.029470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","article-title":"Site\u2010specific N\u2010glycosylation characterization of recombinant SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike proteins using high\u2010resolution mass spectrometry","author":"Zhang Y.","journal-title":"J bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clerici M. Trabattoni D. Pacei M. Biasin M.&Rossignol J.\u2010F.The anti\u2010infective nitazoxanide shows strong immumodulating effects. J. Immuno.186 155.21(2011).","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.186.Supp.155.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002976"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13659-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074670"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitors: a review of molecular selectivity and toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Lv Z.","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","first-page":"641","article-title":"Review of tipranavir in the treatment of drug\u2010resistant HIV","volume":"3","author":"Streeck H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","article-title":"pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019)","author":"Sanders J.M.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.001743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1086-1093.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645070-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318074eff5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/592302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.30.1_supplement.953.4","article-title":"Mitochondrial mechanisms of nelfinavir toxicity in human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"30","author":"Unis G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141602613-6.10006-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12181"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12446"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.07.2787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.26277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90302-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0114OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26473"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90550-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90394-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.6.6.757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Psychiatric side effects of mefloquine: applications to forensic psychiatry","volume":"41","author":"Ritchie E.C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00092-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00462-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000218","article-title":"The steady\u2010state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir in combination with tenofovir in HIV\u2010infected patients","volume":"10","author":"Kruse G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00461-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","first-page":"1656","article-title":"Concentration\u2010effect relationship of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis\u2013a prospective, dose ranging study","volume":"27","author":"Tett S.E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3999\/jscpt.42.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","volume-title":"Abbott L. Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics review of Kaletra oral solution (NDA#021251)","author":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04354.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01187-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02139-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1232"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565160-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464190-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","unstructured":"Goel P.&Gerriets V.Chloroquine. In:StatPearls. (StatPearls Publishing Treasure Island (FL).https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK551512\/2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11207390-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","volume-title":"Report on the Deliberation Results.","author":"(PMDA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-010-8243-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(85)90510-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1A363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90032-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000503","article-title":"A randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled dose\u2010escalation trial of merimepodib (VX\u2010497) and interferon\u2010alpha in previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"10","author":"McHutchison J.G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_117_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nelfinavir (Viracept) approved: fourth protease inhibitor available","volume":"267","author":"James J.S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Treat. News"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200767130-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-3290(97)80061-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200868100-00006"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2116","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607817600000}}],"container-title":["Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcpt.1909","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpt.1909","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cpt.1909","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpt.1909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T01:32:38Z","timestamp":1722907958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpt.1909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpt.1909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.1909","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.16.20068379","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0009-9236","1532-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9236","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-6535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}