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We conducted a national multicentric observational prospective study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of and risk factors for dependence among elderly adults. Patients aged 65 or older who were treated with BZD\/Z for at least 3\u00a0months were evaluated through clinical interviews that conformed to official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) dependence criteria. Among the 1,024 patients included in the survey, 442 of 976 (45.3%) met the dependence criteria. In the multivariate logistic regression model, dependent patients were categorized as follows: younger (odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a00.97), living mostly alone (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.45), showing psychiatric problems (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.22), having additional treatments (other than BZD\/Z; OR\u00a0=\u00a01.37), having long\u2010lasting treatment (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.04), exhibiting significant relationship difficulties (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.96), committing transgressional behaviors to procure BZD\/Z (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.70), and wanting to stop their consumption of BZD\/Z (OR\u00a0=\u00a07.60). A latent class analysis, which was applied to sort out subgroups within dependent patients, identified two profiles according to the prevalence of dependence items: profile 1 (73%), \u201cwithdrawal syndrome when BZD\/Z is stopped\u201d (100%) and \u201cprevious unsuccessful attempts to stop consumption\u201d (82%); and profile 2 (27%), \u201ctolerance\u201d (76%) and \u201cintake in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended\u201d (86%). BZD\/Z dependence is frequent in the elderly population, and among dependent patients, we found two profiles corresponding to positive and negative conditioning of the psychoactive effects of BZD\/Z. 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