{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:35:50Z","timestamp":1773160550215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharma and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) of the real\u2010world use of dipeptidyl peptidase\u20104 inhibitors (DPP\u20104is) vs. sulfonylureas (SUs) on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Utilizing Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance Research Database, 19,853 propensity score\u2010matched pairs of DPP\u20104i and SU stable users were identified. Classification and regression tree analyses and Cox models were applied to explore HTEs, according to various patient characteristics, on the composite CVDs, three\u2010point major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), and all\u2010cause mortality. The absolute risk difference (ARD), hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated for comparing treatment effects. CVD history, ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack (IS\/TIA) history, and age at treatment initiation were significant treatment effect modifiers. Patients with prior IS\/TIA but without any other prior CVDs benefited most in reduced risks of composite CVDs from using DPP\u20104i vs. SU (ARD \u22124.31%, 95% CI \u22127.48% to \u22121.14%, HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69\u00a0~\u00a00.95), followed by those without prior IS\/TIA and CVDs and initiated with DPP\u20104i at age &lt;\u00a069.3\u00a0years (ARD \u22120.90%, 95% CI \u22121.47% to \u22120.32%, HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77\u00a0~\u00a00.97). Patients with prior IS\/TIA benefited most in reduced risks of three\u2010point MACE from using DPP\u20104i vs. SU (ARD \u22124.22%, 95% CV \u22126.66% to \u22121.78%, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69\u00a0~\u00a00.93), followed by those without prior IS\/TIA and initiated with DPP\u20104i at age &lt;\u00a069.3\u00a0years (ARD \u22120.68%, 95% CI \u22121.08% to \u22120.29%, HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70\u00a0~\u00a00.93). Consideration of CVD and IS\/TIA histories and age could facilitate individualized diabetes management of using DPP\u20104i vs. SU. Future studies are warranted given the hypothesis\u2010generating nature in this exploratory research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T01:46:28Z","timestamp":1601084788000},"page":"772-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heterogeneous Treatment Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases With Dipeptidyl Peptidase\u20104 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas in Type 2 Diabetes Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Chen\u2010Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Ann","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics National Cheng Kung 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