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This review describes foundational principles of translational anti\u2010infective pharmacology, including choice of appropriate measures of exposure and pharmacodynamic (PD) measures, patient subpopulations, and drug\u2010drug interactions. Examples are presented for state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art, empiric, mechanistic, interdisciplinary, and real\u2010world evidence MIDD applications in the development of antibacterials (review of minimum inhibitory concentration\u2010based models, mechanism\u2010based pharmacokinetic\/PD (PK\/PD) models, PK\/PD models of resistance, and immune response), antifungals, antivirals, drugs for the treatment of global health infectious diseases, and medical countermeasures. The degree of adoption of MIDD practices across the infectious diseases field is also summarized. The future application of MIDD in infectious diseases will progress along two planes; \u201cdepth\u201d and \u201cbreadth\u201d of MIDD methods. \u201cMIDD depth\u201d refers to deeper incorporation of the specific pathogen biology and intrinsic and acquired\u2010resistance mechanisms; host factors, such as immunologic response and infection site, to enable deeper interrogation of pharmacological impact on pathogen clearance; clinical outcome and emergence of resistance from a pathogen; and patient and population perspective. In particular, improved early assessment of the emergence of resistance potential will become a greater focus in MIDD, as this is poorly mitigated by current development approaches. \u201cMIDD breadth\u201d refers to greater adoption of model\u2010centered approaches to anti\u2010infective development. 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