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Untreated infants with type 1 SMA do not achieve major motor milestones, and death from respiratory failure typically occurs before 2\u00a0years of age. Individuals with types 2 and 3 SMA exhibit milder phenotypes and have better functional and survival outcomes. Herein, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify factors that influence the prognosis of types 1, 2, and 3 SMA. In untreated infants with type 1 SMA, absence of symptoms at birth, a later symptom onset, and a higher survival of motor neuron 2 (<jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic>) copy number are all associated with increased survival. Disease duration, age at treatment initiation, and, to a lesser extent, baseline function were identified as potential treatment\u2010modifying factors for survival, emphasizing that early treatment with disease\u2010modifying therapies (DMT) is essential in type 1 SMA. In patients with types 2 and 3 SMA, factors considered prognostic of changes in motor function were <jats:italic>SMN2<\/jats:italic> copy number, age, and ambulatory status. Individuals aged 6\u201315\u00a0years were particularly vulnerable to developing complications (scoliosis and progressive joint contractures) which negatively influence functional outcomes and may also affect the therapeutic response in patients. Age at the time of treatment initiation emerged as a treatment\u2010effect modifier on the outcome of DMTs. Factors identified in this review should be considered prior to designing or analyzing studies in an SMA population, conducting population matching, or summarizing results from different studies on the treatments for SMA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T03:07:29Z","timestamp":1617246449000},"page":"1435-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Prognostic Factors and Treatment\u2010Effect Modifiers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Baranello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Developmental Neurology Unit Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenija","family":"Gorni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F. 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