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Some\n                    <jats:italic>MT\u2010RNR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants (i.e., m.1095T&gt;C; m.1494C&gt;T; m.1555A&gt;G) more closely resemble the bacterial 16s rRNA subunit and result in increased risk of aminoglycoside\u2010induced hearing loss. Use of aminoglycosides should be avoided in individuals with an\n                    <jats:italic>MT\u2010RNR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    variant associated with an increased risk of aminoglycoside\u2010induced hearing loss unless the high risk of permanent hearing loss is outweighed by the severity of infection and safe or effective alternative therapies are not available. We summarize evidence from the literature supporting this association and provide therapeutic recommendations for the use of aminoglycosides based on\n                    <jats:italic>MT\u2010RNR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotype (updates at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/cpicpgx.org\/guidelines\/\">https:\/\/cpicpgx.org\/guidelines\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    and\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.pharmgkb.org\">www.pharmgkb.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T07:57:31Z","timestamp":1621929451000},"page":"366-372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for the Use of Aminoglycosides Based on\n                    <i>MT\u2010RNR1<\/i>\n                    Genotype"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"John Henry","family":"McDermott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine St. Mary\u2019s Hospital Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"},{"name":"Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences School of Biological Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keito","family":"Hoshitsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Huddart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Caudle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Whirl\u2010Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Steyger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Hearing Center Biomedical Sciences Creighton University National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research VA Portland Health Care System Portland Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J. H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Internal Medicine (Nephrology) Pediatrics and Molecular Physiology &amp; Biophysics University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal","family":"Cody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA"},{"name":"Sema4 Stamford Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rodriguez\u2010Antona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group Human Cancer Genetics Programme Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri E.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University Stanford California USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine St. Mary\u2019s Hospital Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"},{"name":"Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences School of Biological Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.12.3249-3256.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-011-0707-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.16.6164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Medical Genetics Summaries","author":"Dean L.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00342-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00965-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi970962r"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"CPIC.CPIC\u00ae Guideline for Aminoglycosides and MT\u2010RNR1.https:\/\/cpicpgx.org\/guidelines\/cpic\u2010guideline\u2010for\u2010aminoglycosides\u2010and\u2010mt\u2010rnr1\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"PGx Gene\u2010specific Information Tables","author":"PharmGKB"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.8.632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.02.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.2.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199704000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(97)90078-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.1.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-005-1276-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac5546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"458","article-title":"Aminoglycoside versus carbapenem or piperacillin\/tazobactam treatment for bloodstream infections of urinary source caused by Gram\u2010negative ESBL\u2010producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"75","author":"Zohar I.","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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