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These include pregnant and breastfeeding women, children, older people, those with hepatic and renal dysfunction, those with acute severe illness, and those with multiple co\u2010morbidities and interacting medications. Resultantly, there may not be specific drug\u2010dosing information for many patients who are treated in a clinical setting. The ASCPT2024 Dolores Shockley Lecture focused on the equitable access to research with a specific focus on clinical pharmacology studies in pregnancy and breastfeeding. To ensure the safe, effective use of medication in pregnancy and breastfeeding, women should be included in clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies when a medication is anticipated to be used in women of childbearing potential. Community groups should be involved at all stages of research to maintain transparency and trust. This ensures that local priorities are investigated, that communities understand the findings and are empowered to make evidence\u2010based decisions about their own medication use. Principles informing the design of such studies in pregnancy and lactation are in existence. Mathematical techniques such as physiologically\u2010based pharmacokinetic modeling and stochastic simulation and estimation can enhance study design, and population pharmacokinetic modeling be used to understand variability within and between individuals. Data should be made findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). 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