{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:51:09Z","timestamp":1791445869866,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharma and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles with low frequency in Eurocentrically biased study populations are often excluded from pharmacogenetic investigation and consequently may have misassigned activity values. This health inequity may be contributing to imprecise dose predictions for CYP2D6\u2010metabolizing drugs. The objective of this study was to determine how sub\u2010Saharan African\u2010specific\n                    <jats:italic>CYP2D6*17<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>*29<\/jats:italic>\n                    alleles affect risperidone metabolism. To do this, we generated the largest real\u2010world cohort of risperidone users in an African study population for pharmacogenetic studies. Risperidone users \u2264\u200918\u2009years old were recruited from the Federal Neuro\u2010Psychiatric Hospital. Health records were obtained by parent report and paper charts.\n                    <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotyping was performed for &gt;\u200920 variants. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9\u2010hydroxyrisperidone were determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. CYP2D6 activity was calculated based on the metabolic ratio 9\u2010hydroxyrisperidone:risperidone. Multivariable linear regression modeling was performed to determine the association between our alleles of interest and log\u2010transformed ratio\u2010defined CYP2D6 activity relative to star alleles with established activity values. Across 208 enrolled participants, CYP2D6 activity value for *17 was found to be twice that of normal function alleles, while *29 was comparable to no function alleles. These results contrast previous values assigned to *17 and *29 from guidelines, which are not based on evidence with risperidone, suggesting the possibility of substrate specificity for these alleles. Ultimately, our findings have the potential to improve risperidone prescribing, especially for patient groups with substantial sub\u2010Saharan African ancestry. Importantly, this work underscores the critical need to better understand the effects of ancestry\u2010specific alleles for achieving equitable pharmacotherapeutic health outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.70012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T09:51:12Z","timestamp":1753350672000},"page":"1152-1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cytochrome P450 2D6 *17 and *29 Allele Activity for Risperidone Metabolism: Advancing Precision Medicine Health Equity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0392-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oyinlade","family":"Kehinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service Center (CAMHSC) Federal Neuro\u2010Psychiatric Hospital  Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9280-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel E.","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine &amp; Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3348-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ogochukwu","family":"Amaeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Toren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy Research Institute Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0121-0464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Retke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy Research Institute Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5897-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinyemi","family":"Oni\u2010Orisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6417-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura B.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology &amp; Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics University of Missouri Kansas City &amp; Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2890"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01841-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-019-0229-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Sangkuhl K.ClinPGx Blog. 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