{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:20:39Z","timestamp":1788254439994,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharma and Therapeutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extent of pharmacogenetic (PGx) drug dispensing among Dutch adults receiving medications for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unknown. Using the University of Groningen IADB.nl pharmacy database, we performed a serial cross\u2010sectional study (2019\u20132023) to estimate the annual prevalence of PGx drug dispensing and annual rates of initiation. We also identified the most dispensed PGx drug classes, most frequently associated genes, and the proportion of individuals with potential opportunities for reuse of PGx testing results. Adults on CVD medication treatment were defined as those with \u22652 prescriptions for the same CVD medication (ATC classes B01, C01, C03, C07\u2013C10) within 180\u2009days in a calendar year. PGx drugs were defined as drugs with actionable drug\u2013gene interactions according to international CPIC or national DPWG guidelines. The annual cohort size ranged from 47,602 in 2019 to 41,846 in 2023 (mean age ~70\u2009years; ~48% male). The prevalence of \u22651 PGx drug dispensing (~90%) and multiple (\u22652) PGx drug dispensing (~68%) remained stable across 5\u2009years, both increasing significantly with age. CVD\u2010related PGx drugs were most common (75%), followed by proton pump inhibitors (55%). In 2023, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and SLCO1B1\u2010associated drugs had most users (60%, 53%, and 51%). Among those receiving drugs associated with CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and SLCO1B1, 24%, 23%, and 4% would have opportunities for reuse of testing results with single\u2010gene testing, and 66%, 65%, and 83% with panel testing. In conclusion, PGx drug dispensing was highly prevalent among people receiving CVD medications, warranting further research into the (cost\u2010)effectiveness of PGx testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.70461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:07:18Z","timestamp":1788253638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dispensing of actionable pharmacogenetic drugs among adults receiving cardiovascular disease medications in the Northern Netherlands: A serial cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4978-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaco\u2010Therapy, \u2010Epidemiology, and \u2010Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1872-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaco\u2010Therapy, \u2010Epidemiology, and \u2010Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9209-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens H. J.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaco\u2010Therapy, \u2010Epidemiology, and \u2010Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0849-7210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eelko","family":"Hak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaco\u2010Therapy, \u2010Epidemiology, and \u2010Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5788-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talitha","family":"Feenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaco\u2010Therapy, \u2010Epidemiology, and \u2010Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services Research Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3503-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Klont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pharmaco\u2010Therapy, \u2010Epidemiology, and \u2010Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20102019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw334","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016","volume":"37","author":"Townsend N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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