{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:10:07Z","timestamp":1787962207947,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":392,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI157007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI157007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TB220074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TB220074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T220074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T220074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lyme disease, a tickborne illness caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is an emerging, significant public health concern.\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections are challenging to study because of their complex life cycle that requires adaptation to both ticks and mammalian hosts for long\u2010term survival and transmission. Bacterial adaptation is accomplished through extensive gene expression alterations in response to environmental cues that remain to be more fully explored. Mouse models of infection serve as valuable tools for studying\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    adaptation to the mammalian host and the spirochete's ability to cause persistent infections and thus to interact with and evade the immune system. This article details three mouse models that differ in their primary methods of infection: infestation with\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected ticks, intradermal inoculation of culture\u2010grown spirochetes, and infection via subcutaneous transplantation of infected tissue. Each method offers unique advantages and limitations. Tick infestation is the route of natural transmission but presents logistical challenges. Syringe inoculation is easy and provides precise control over the infectious dose, but infection is with culture\u2010adapted bacteria. Transplantation of infected tissue introduces mammalian\u2010host\u2010adapted\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    in precise anatomical locations, but misses the transfer of tick factors affecting immunity. Detailed protocols are provided for each of the three infection routes, and pros and cons of each method are outlined to help researchers identify the best approach for a research question to be addressed. A protocol is also provided for the treatment of mice with antibiotics that reliably eliminates detectable spirochetes from the animals. \u00a9 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Syringe inoculation of mice with cultured\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and collection of necropsy tissues\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Infection of mice with\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    via tick infestation\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Infection of mice with host\u2010adapted\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    via tissue transplant\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Support Protocol<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Clearance of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    by antibiotic treatment\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.1127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1724827445000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mouse Models for the Study of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis  Davis CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Sachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Lyme and Tickborne Diseases Research and Education Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2891-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumgarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis  Davis CA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Lyme and Tickborne Diseases Research and Education Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00036-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"57","author":"Barbour A. 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