{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:15:31Z","timestamp":1791357331052,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":384,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI074677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI074677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> is an opportunistic fungal pathogen primarily targeting immunosuppressed populations in both resource\u2010rich and resource\u2010limited nations. Successful treatment is limited to a few antifungals that have become compromised by cryptococcal resistance, leading to intensive research seeking new drug candidates. Two distinguishing hallmarks of this species are the ability to develop a polysaccharide capsule and melanization of the fungal cells. These also act as virulence factors, protecting this pathogen in the host as well as in the environment. Here we describe two classic methods to document capsule and melanin. Although initially described and documented several decades ago, these methods remain relevant in spite of the advent of more sophisticated methodology, due in part to their simplicity and cost efficiency. \u00a9 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article was corrected on 18 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>: Capsule visualization by India ink counterstaining<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>: Assessment of melanin on solid media<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Alternative Protocol<\/jats:bold>: Quantification of melanin production in liquid medium<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.27","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T21:20:20Z","timestamp":1611177620000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Visualization and Documentation of Capsule and Melanin Production in <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Connie B.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University Medical Center Department of Medicine, Research Drive  Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4010033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.6.1437"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of encapsulated and non\u2010encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans and the effect of glucose on capsular polysaccharide release","volume":"37","author":"Cleare W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medical Mycology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/56957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00662\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090754"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/011049\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi047731m"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/57171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.4.1214\u20101218.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2019.01047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00001\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.06.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: A new experimental model in rabbits","volume":"101","author":"Perfect J. R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ec.4.1.190\u2010201.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473\u20103099(17)30243\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.36.3.1175\u20101184.1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201027813\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.2997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.3131\u20103136.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.10.3864\u20103866.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwy030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/a231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1614383"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065\u20102164(09)01204\u20100"}],"container-title":["Current Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpz1.27","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cpz1.27","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/cpz1.27","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpz1.27","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T22:26:25Z","timestamp":1692397585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpz1.27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpz1.27"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpz1.27","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1299","2691-1299"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1299","type":"print"},{"value":"2691-1299","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"e27"}}