{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:43:20Z","timestamp":1790271800306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For over a century, investigation of <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>, the spiral\u2010shaped bacterium that causes syphilis, was hindered by an inability to culture the organism in vitro. A recent breakthrough has enabled continuous in vitro growth of this organism in co\u2010culture with mammalian tissue culture cells. This article contains the protocols needed to culture <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> in the standard laboratory environment. In addition, protocols for growing and maintaining the required tissue culture cells, for generating isogenic strains by limiting dilution, and for quantitating <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> by darkfield microscopy are included. \u00a9 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article was corrected on 19 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>: In vitro cultivation of T<jats:italic>reponema pallidum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>: Generation of isogenic strains<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>: Alternate harvest procedure<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>: Culture of Sf1Ep cells<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>: Assessment of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> number and viability<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T15:22:35Z","timestamp":1613834555000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["In Vitro Cultivation of the Syphilis Spirochete <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Diane G.","family":"Edmondson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076\u20106879(94)36029\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"The rate of multiplication of Treponema pallidum in normal and immune rabbits","volume":"33","author":"Cumberland M. 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