{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:19:57Z","timestamp":1791001197563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI144616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI144616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI151917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI151917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI154470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI154470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease with significant morbidity and mortality rates among people of all ages. Influenza viruses spread and evolve rapidly in the human population. Different immune histories, given by previous exposures to influenza virus infections and\/or vaccinations, result in a great diversity of humoral and cellular immune responses. Understanding protective immune responses induced against circulating virus strains and potential pandemic strains is vital for infection prevention and disease mitigation. Vaccine formulations for seasonal influenza must be reformulated annually to stay abreast of occurring virus mutations. Assays to measure the capacity of antibodies to neutralize influenza viruses provide a good estimate of protection against future infections with strains similar or identical to those used in the assay. Here, we describe a detailed protocol of our standard\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    microneutralization assay to assess the neutralization activity of polyclonal sera or purified monoclonal antibodies. \u00a9 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article was corrected on 27 August 2022. See the end of the full text for details.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Microneutralization assay to assess virus inhibition by serum or monoclonal antibodies\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Support Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Preparation of cDMEM\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Support Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Preparation and aliquoting of TPCK\u2010treated trypsin\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Support Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Inactivation of serum samples by RDE treatment\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T09:44:16Z","timestamp":1658137456000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Microneutralization Assay for Influenza Virus Serology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Frans","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisaaki","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Krammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell\u2010Based Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C\u2010VARPP) Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Carre\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(75)90720\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03607\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02090\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021a).Estimated flu\u2010related illnesses medical visits hospitalizations and deaths in the United States\u20142019\u20102020 flu season. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/about\/burden\/2019\u20102020.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021b).Vaccine effectiveness: How well do flu vaccines work?Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/vaccines\u2010work\/vaccineeffect.htm#:~:text=While%20vaccine%20effectiveness%20(VE)%20can used%20to%20make%20flu%20vaccines"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970905)71:4<406::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/56448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104939\u20100758\u20108_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010019\u20100143\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4529"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","article-title":"Orthomyxoviridae: The viruses and their replication","volume":"1","author":"Krammer F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fields virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010018\u20100002\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/0005\u20102086\u201047.s3.926"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00560\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories","author":"Meechan P. 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