{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:23:41Z","timestamp":1792653821196,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transformation techniques used to genetically manipulate <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, the agent of Lyme disease, play a critical role in generating mutants that facilitate analyses of the role of genes in the pathophysiology of this bacterium. A number of borrelial mutants have been successfully isolated and characterized since the first electrotransformation procedure was established 25 years ago (Samuels, 1995). This article is directed at additional considerations for transforming infectious <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> to generate strains retaining the plasmid profile of the parental strain, enabling analysis of transformants for in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. These methods are built on previously published protocols and are intended to add steps and tips to enhance transformation efficiency and recovery of strains amenable for studies involving colonization, survival, and transmission of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> during the vector and vertebrate phases of infection. \u00a9 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article was corrected on 20 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>: Preparation of stock cultures, propagation of spirochetes, and analysis of plasmid profiles<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>: Preparation of plasmid and linear DNA templates for transformation<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>: Transformation of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 4<\/jats:bold>: Antibiotic selection of borrelial transformants<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 5<\/jats:bold>: Isolation of borrelial transformants in agar overlays<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol 6<\/jats:bold>: Complementation of mutant borrelial strains <jats:italic>in cis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>in trans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.61","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T14:54:01Z","timestamp":1614869641000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transformation of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Seshu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian E.","family":"Moy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor MacMackin","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203286"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02454\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.9.2445\u20102452.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00993\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2017_51"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102958.2002.02758.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073406"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2139\u20102150.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102958.2008.06549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.22.6723\u20106727.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37551"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u201012\u2010800262\u20109.00002\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12c04s20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.491357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06394\u201011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00494\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00882\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7147\u20107154.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4608\u20104613.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.446\u2010455.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104939\u20107383\u20105_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4798\u20104804.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00063"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00684\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00040\u201016"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Small RNAs of Borrelia burgdorferi: Characterizing functional regulators in a sea of sRNAs","volume":"90","author":"Lybecker M. 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