{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:08:52Z","timestamp":1787623732462,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gene therapies are being developed for several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These therapies are primarily administered to the CNS via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as the blood\u2013brain barrier prevents the transport of large molecules to the brain. Currently, intrathecal injection is the most commonly used route of administration over cisterna magna injections in the clinic for gaining access to the CSF. However, studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) have shown that administering gene therapies via suboccipital cisterna magna injection results in superior distribution and more cells being transduced in the brain compared to lumbar injection. It has also been reported that comparable CNS size is important when translating therapeutic dosages from animal studies to human trials. Therefore, we chose to develop a computed tomography (CT)\u2010guided cisterna magna injection protocol in pigs as they are anatomically closer in size to humans than nonhuman primates and rodents. Pigs are also a readily available and cost\u2010effective large animal model for preclinical studies compared to nonhuman NHPs. In this paper, we describe a method for CT\u2010guided suboccipital cisterna magna injections in pigs. We developed this protocol utilizing CT to confirm needle placement with three\u2010dimensional visualization. A CT\u2010guided injection minimizes procedural risk and can be performed without a contrast agent, which is required in magnetic resonance and fluoroscopy imaging. \u00a9 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol<\/jats:bold>: Computed tomography\u2013guided suboccipital cisterna magna injection in pigs to confirm needle placement prior to the administration of a test article or vehicle<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T14:35:01Z","timestamp":1733754901000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Suboccipital Cisterna Magna Injection for Vehicle Delivery in Pigs Using Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke S.","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Fridley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Park, College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott V.","family":"Dindot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas"},{"name":"Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc.  Novato California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000339311"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400422"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033\u2010019\u201004983\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12121979"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2012.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2017.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2014.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00838"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233221084634"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.778134"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3258\u201013.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1983.11708682"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa254"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201007318\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010004\u20102600\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2013.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00670"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010020\u201002461\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.11.012"}],"container-title":["Current Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cpz1.70069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T07:54:35Z","timestamp":1735286075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/currentprotocols.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cpz1.70069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cpz1.70069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpz1.70069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1299","2691-1299"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1299","type":"print"},{"value":"2691-1299","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"article-number":"e70069"}}