{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:30:18Z","timestamp":1789155018780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint diseases globally, characterized by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, resulting in chronic pain, stiffness, and loss of joint function. Despite its significant socioeconomic impact, therapeutic options remain limited, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cartilage degradation and OA pathogenesis. Recent advances in\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    modeling have revolutionized joint tissue research, transitioning from simplistic two\u2010dimensional cell cultures to sophisticated three\u2010dimensional (3D) constructs that more accurately mimic the physiological microenvironment of native cartilage. Over the last decade, organ\u2010on\u2010chip technologies have emerged as transformative tools in tissue engineering, offering microphysiological platforms with precise control over biomechanical and biochemical stimuli. These platforms are providing novel insights into tissue responses and disease progression and are increasingly integrated into the early stages of drug screening and development. In this article, we present a detailed experimental protocol for constructing a cartilage\u2010on\u2010chip system capable of delivering controlled dynamic biomechanical stimulation to 3D\u2010encapsulated chondrocytes in an agarose hydrogel matrix. Our protocol, optimized for both bovine and human chondrocytes, begins with Basic Protocol 1, detailing the preparation and injection of cell\u2010laden hydrogels into the microdevice. Basic Protocol 2 describes the application of dynamic mechanical loading using a calibrated pressurized pump. Finally, Basic Protocols 3 and 4 focus on the retrieval of the hydrogel and RNA extraction for downstream molecular analyses. This platform represents a critical advancement for\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies of cartilage biology, enabling more precise modeling of OA pathophysiology and evaluation of experimental therapeutics. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Cartilage\u2010on\u2010chip injection\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Cartilage\u2010on\u2010chip actuation\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Cartilage\u2010on\u2010chip agarose hydrogel removal\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 4<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Preparation of cartilage\u2010on\u2010chip for RNA extraction\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T03:59:57Z","timestamp":1734580797000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a Microphysiological Cartilage\u2010on\u2010Chip Platform for Dynamic Biomechanical Stimulation of Three\u2010Dimensional Encapsulated Chondrocytes in Agarose Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Valtteri","family":"Peitso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Sarmadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Lauwers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"chrn on\u2010chip biotechnologies B.V. (aka chiron)  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Alberto","family":"Paggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"chrn on\u2010chip biotechnologies B.V. (aka chiron)  Maastricht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Centre, Organ\u2010on\u2010Chip Centre University of Twente  Enschede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mobasheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine  Vilnius Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2_1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Articular cartilage and osteoarthritis","volume":"54","author":"Buckwalter J. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Instructional Course Lectures"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_2_3_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Perspectives on chondrocyte mechanobiology and osteoarthritis","volume":"43","author":"Buckwalter J. 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