{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:43:26Z","timestamp":1775663006696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A marked global decline in seasonal flu due to circulation of influenza virus was observed during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Although public health interventions played a role, potential immunological cross\u2010reactivity between influenza and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viruses remains a possibility. In this article, we describe methods to determine if SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection has resulted in the induction of antibodies that cross\u2010react with seasonal influenza viruses. To determine if such cross\u2010reactivity does in fact occur, we examined plasma samples from 311 individuals with confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection for evidence of ability to neutralize influenza virus. Antibody responses against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 were estimated by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay, and responses to seasonal influenza viral strains\u2014A\/H3N2, A\/H1N1, B\/Victoria, and B\/Yamagata\u2014were assessed by performing the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Sixteen samples that were positive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies but negative for influenza antibodies were selected for further analysis by microneutralization (MN) assay to evaluate their ability to neutralize influenza viruses. Among these, five samples exhibited high MN titers (\u226520), and six exhibited moderate titers (\u226510) against influenza A viruses. To elucidate the molecular basis of this cross\u2010reactivity, genomes of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 strains were sequenced by Illumina next\u2010generation sequencing and subjected to\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    structural modeling. Antibodies generated against the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Delta variant demonstrated strong binding affinities with influenza A glycoproteins, including hemagglutinin from H1N1 (\u221212.4 kcal\/mol) and H3N2 (\u22129.3 kcal\/mol) and neuraminidase from H1N1 (\u221210.1 kcal\/mol) and H3N2 (\u221211.7 kcal\/mol). These results indicate that SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, particularly with the Delta variant, can induce antibodies with cross\u2010neutralizing activity against influenza A viruses. This immunological cross\u2010reactivity may have contributed to the reduced seasonal influenza activity during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. \u00a9 2026 Wiley Periodicals LLC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Hemagglutination inhibition assay\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Evaluation of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific antibodies via enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Pseudovirus titration and neutralization assays of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Basic Protocol 4<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Microneutralization assay\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.70308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T11:43:45Z","timestamp":1771415025000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Detailed Assessment of Cross\u2010Neutralizing Antibodies Between SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and Influenza A"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0064-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mamun","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poulomi","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman Bin Abdul","family":"Mannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahsin","family":"Tabassum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ziaur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b)  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00750\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/54897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1195674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013274"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010020\u20100394\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560\u20107917.ES.2020.25.16.2000421"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2135460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105785"}],"container-title":["Current 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