{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:19:28Z","timestamp":1792556368285,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Protocols"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID\u201019, caused by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, has had a significant global impact. While vaccines and treatments have reduced severe cases and deaths, the long\u2010term effects are not yet well understood. Current models used for research, such as non\u2010human primates and transgenic mice, are expensive and require scarce Biosafety Level\u20103 (BSL\u20103) laboratories, thereby limiting their practicality. However, the mouse hepatitis virus 1 (MHV\u20101) mouse model offers a promising alternative. This surrogate model can be investigated in more widely available Biosafety Level\u20102 (BSL\u20102) laboratories. Furthermore, mice are affordable and easy to handle, and utilizing MHV\u20101 as a surrogate for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 eliminates the need for costly transgenic mice. Importantly, the MHV\u20101 model successfully recapitulates COVID\u201019\u2010related clinical symptoms, weight loss, multiorgan pathological changes and failure in acute stages, irreversible neurological complications, and other long\u2010term organ dysfunction post\u2010infection, which are similar to available human data post\u2010COVID\u201019. To assist researchers in establishing and using the MHV\u20101 mouse model, this protocol offers comprehensive guidance encompassing procedures for animal preparation, induction of viral infection, clinical observation, pathological changes, and tissue analysis for mechanistic studies, thereby yielding valuable insights into disease mechanisms and progression. By adopting the MHV\u20101 model and the provided protocols, researchers can effectively circumvent financial constraints and the limited availability of BSL\u20103 laboratories, thus facilitating a more accessible and cost\u2010effective approach to investigating the underlying mechanisms of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 pathophysiology and exploring potential therapeutic interventions. \u00a9 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Basic Protocol<\/jats:bold>: Induction of mouse hepatitis virus 1 (MHV\u20101) infection in A\/J mice<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 1<\/jats:bold>: Histological evaluation<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 2<\/jats:bold>: Liver enzyme measurement<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 3<\/jats:bold>: Western blot analysis of aquaporin expression<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 4<\/jats:bold>: mRNA measurement<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 5<\/jats:bold>: Immunohistochemistry\/immunofluorescence<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Support Protocol 6<\/jats:bold>: Tissue water measurement<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T07:50:31Z","timestamp":1698047431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Mouse Model of MHV\u20101 Virus Infection for Study of Acute and Long COVID Infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Masciarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dibe M.","family":"Di Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences University of Miami  Coral Gables Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajalakshmi","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Miami Miller School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Larkin Community Hospital  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arumugam R.","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Miami Miller School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Paidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences University of Miami  Coral Gables Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.792584"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12810"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975\u2010014\u20100328\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091703"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.864798"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010022\u201002932\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578\u2010018\u20100211\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuerger C. 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