{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:32:43Z","timestamp":1790875963870,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate load\u2010deformation properties of Thiel\u2010embalmed human oral mucosa tissues and to compare three different anatomical regions in terms of mechanical, histological and ultrastructural characteristic with focus on the extracellular matrix.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty specimens from three different regions of the oral cavity: attached gingiva, buccal mucosa and the hard palate were harvested from two Thiel\u2010embalmed cadavers. Mechanical properties were obtained, combining strain evaluation and digital image correlation in a standardised approach. Elastic modulus, tensile strength, strain at maximum load and strain to failure were computed and analysed statistically. Subsamples were also analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The highest elastic modulus of 37.36 \u00b1 17.4 MPa was found in the attached gingiva group, followed by the hard palate and buccal mucosa. The elastic moduli of attached gingiva differed significantly to the buccal mucosa (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .01) and hard palate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .021). However, there was no difference in the elastic moduli between the buccal mucosa and hard palate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; .22). The tensile strength of the tissue samples ranged from 1.54 \u00b1 0.5MPa to 3.81 \u00b1 0.9 MPa, with a significant difference between gingiva group and buccal mucosa or hard palate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .001). No difference was found in the mean tensile strength between the buccal mucosa and hard palate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .92). Ultrastructural imaging yielded a morphological basis for the various mechanical properties found intraorally; the attached gingiva showed unidirectional collagen fibre network whereas the buccal mucosa and hard palate showed multi\u2010directional network, which was more prone to tension failure and less elasticity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study assessing the various morphological\u2010mechanical relationships of intraoral soft tissues, utilising Thiel\u2010embalmed tissues. The findings of this study suggest that the tissues from different intraoral regions showed various morphological\u2010mechanical behaviour which was also confirmed under the SEM and in the histological analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:47:18Z","timestamp":1593758838000},"page":"602-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Mechanical properties of human oral mucosa tissues are site dependent: A combined biomechanical, histological and ultrastructural approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4815-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne Jung Eun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Zwirner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi Sanjay","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunyoung","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haizal Mohd","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Neil","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-9383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Macroscopic Anatomy Medical University of Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"Department of Trauma, Orthopedic and Plastic Surgery University Hospital of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer IWU  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2000.035006361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0325"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2008.01682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345810600070301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200802610040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"The creep behavior of denture\u2010supporting tissues and soft lining materials","volume":"7","author":"Hayakawa I.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The International Journal of Prosthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.4.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"International Standard Organization. (1996). Plastics\u2010determination of tensile properties (ISO Standard No. 527\u20132). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/56046.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Results of studies on elasticity moduli of the soft tissues of the denture\u2010bearing area","volume":"20","author":"Jozefowicz W.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Protetyka Stomatologiczna"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01728.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(82)90162-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(67)80052-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(62)90005-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Pain\u2010pressure threshold in human gingivae","volume":"9","author":"McMillan A. S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Orofacial Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"284","article-title":"A comparison of human palatal and buccal mucosa","volume":"2","author":"Meyer J.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Periodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2186\/jjps.19.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022016000400044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(78)90031-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051220203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29583-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(86)90424-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Problems reported by patients before and after prosthodontic treatment","volume":"18","author":"Szentp\u00e9tery A. G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"The International Journal of Prosthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01321.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"358","article-title":"A study on creep of oral mucosa","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka S.","year":"1973","journal-title":"The Journal of Japan Prosthodontic Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(11)80346-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The measurement of thickness and hardness of oral soft tissues","volume":"124","author":"Tomlin H. R.","year":"1968","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e3182166927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676608993274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2209\/tdcpublication.40.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52836-9"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcre2.305","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.305","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cre2.305","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.305","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T19:27:16Z","timestamp":1693769236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cre2.305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cre2.305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cre2.305","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-4347","2057-4347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-4347","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-4347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-02-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}