{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:37:52Z","timestamp":1762508272215,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional problems, including nasal flow problems, are associated with specific skeletal and dental features. Further, maxillary expansion has been associated with nasal airway resistance alterations. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between skeletal features and nasal airflow\u2010 and olfaction\u2010related problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective study included 68 patients (30 boys, 38 girls; mean age 9\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009years) examined at the Ohu University Hospital. We classified patients into three skeletal Classes (Class I, II, and III) based on the ANB angle. Olfactory disorder history was collected from the guardians. Maxillofacial measurements, nasal airflow assessments, and olfactory tests were performed using cephalometric analysis, rhinomanometry, and T&amp;T olfactometer, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malocclusion, resulting from skeletal mandibular protrusion and smaller maxilla, was associated with reduced olfaction in children. The detection and recognition thresholds of skeletal Class III were significantly higher than those of Classes I (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .01) and II (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .01). Significant correlations were observed between SNA and the detection threshold (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.50) as well as between nasion perpendicular\u2010point A and the recognition threshold (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.53). The detection and recognition thresholds were significantly higher in Class III than in Classes I (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .3) and II (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maxillary growth and development may be associated with olfaction in children. Changing the maxillofacial morphology may improve olfactory function. In the future, we will investigate how malocclusion treatment affects olfactory function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T21:51:11Z","timestamp":1601070671000},"page":"33-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship between olfaction and maxillofacial morphology in children with malocclusion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shiori","family":"Oka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Growth and Development, Division of Dentofacial Orthopedics Ohu University, Graduate School of Dentistry  Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8812-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Kawanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development Ohu University, School of Dentistry  Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Yamanobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development Ohu University, School of Dentistry  Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development Ohu University, School of Dentistry  Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1210-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuh","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Clinical Medicine Ohu University, School of Dentistry  Fukushima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Deguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics The Ohio State University College of Dentistry  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx081"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on nasomaxillary complex volume in mouth\u2010breathers","volume":"35","author":"Cappellette M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjr110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"The relation between two results of T&T olfactometer and odor stick identification test for Japanese in patients of olfactory disorder","volume":"8","author":"Fujii M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Japanese Association for the Study of Taste and Smell"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90188-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90258-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of upper airway obstruction on maxillofacial dentition in childhood and contribution of pediatric dentistry to treat sleep apnea","volume":"54","author":"Iwasaki T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.09.014"},{"issue":"306","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway in preadolescent children with different anteroposterior skeletal patterns","volume":"137","author":"Kim Y. 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