{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:37:41Z","timestamp":1786977461775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the potential influence of muscular capacity and facial morphology on facial expressions in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was carried out on 40 healthy children (ages 9\u201313), without previous orthodontic treatment. Masseter muscle thickness and anthropometric facial proportions were measured using ultrasound and digital calipers respectively. A three\u2010dimensional infrared face\u2010tracking system was used to register facial expressions. The maximal amplitude of smile and lip pucker (representing maximal lateral and medial commissure movement) were used for analysis. Stepwise regression was used to investigate whether muscle thickness or anthropometric facial proportions were associated with the quantity of commissure movement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When performing maximal smile, children with thicker masseter muscles were found to have more limited displacement of the commissures (R\u00a0=\u00a00.39;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.036). When performing lip pucker, children with thicker masseter muscles were found to have greater commissure movement (R\u00a0=\u00a00.40;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.030). No significant associations were found between anthropometric facial proportions and facial expressions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Masseter muscle thickness seems to be associated with facial expressions in children. Those with thicker muscles show more limited commissure movement when smiling, but greater movement with lip pucker. This indicates that masticatory muscles may serve as a surrogate for mimic muscle activity. Facial morphology of the subjects does not seem to be associated with facial expression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T02:48:15Z","timestamp":1620528495000},"page":"877-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of masseter muscles thickness and facial morphology with facial expressions in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0378-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Gu\u00e9dat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics University Clinics of Dental Medicine  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ourania","family":"Stergiopulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics University Clinics of Dental Medicine  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Kiliaridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics University Clinics of Dental Medicine  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Antonarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics University Clinics of Dental Medicine  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200303000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Dao D. 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