{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1768738865770,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IR.mums.sd.REC.1394.296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.mums.sd.REC.1394.296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>As effective immune modulators, Endocannabinoids may suppress the inflammatory responses in periodontitis. This study assessed the expression of cannabinoid receptors in gingiva and the impact on periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study on 20 patients with more than stage II and Grade A periodontitis and a control group consisting of 19 healthy individuals was performed. The gingival biopsies were assessed for the expression of <jats:italic>CB1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CB2<\/jats:italic> using the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, TaqMan method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study sample consisted of 39 subjects, 31 females (79.5%) and 8 males (20.5%), including 20 periodontitis subjects (80% female and 20% male), and control groups (78.9% female and 21.1% male). The mean ages of cases and controls were 33.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7 and 35.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1 years, respectively. The gene expression of CB2 in periodontitis was 27.62\u2009\u00b1\u20097.96 and in healthy subjects was 78.15\u2009\u00b1\u200923.07. The CB2 was significantly lower than the control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.008). In comparison, the gene expression index of CB1 in the periodontal group (9.42\u2009\u00b1\u20093.03) was higher than the control group (6.62\u2009\u00b1\u20091.13) but did not meet a significant value (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.671).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lower expression of CB2 receptors in the periodontitis group may be due to the reduced protective effect of anti\u2010inflammatory agents. These elements include cannabinoids and the imbalance leading to the predominance of pro\u2010inflammatory effects. Therefore, the local effects of cannabinoids as an immunomodulator could be useful for oral inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T05:54:07Z","timestamp":1655704447000},"page":"1040-1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of cannabinoid receptors type 1\u20132 in periodontitis patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Atefe","family":"Ataei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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