{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:10:31Z","timestamp":1792512631281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>A set of orofacial signs and symptoms completely or partially present in individuals who replace the correct pattern of nasal breathing with an oral or mixed pattern is defined as mouth breathing syndrome (MBS). In a previous report, it was clarified that an incompetent lip seal (ILS) affected the occurrence of MBS among primary school children. However, the factors related to MBS and the effect of ILS in preschool children remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors relevant to MBS in preschool children and investigate the relationship of ILS to MBS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We surveyed 285 preschool children between 3 and 5 years of age. Their guardians completed the questionnaire, which consisted of 44 questions regarding the children's daily health conditions and lifestyle habits. To classify the closely related questions into their respective factors and to examine the strength of the correlation between the newly revealed factors, an exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The factor analysis identified nine items representing four factors. Factors 1\u20134 were defined as \u201cdiseases of the nose,\u201d \u201cILS,\u201d \u201cproblem with swallowing and chewing,\u201d and \u201ceating and drinking habits,\u201d respectively. Factor 2 most strongly correlated with Factor 1, and both Factors showed a relatively strong correlation with Factor 3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The initial stage of MBS may be present in preschool children. ILS and diseases of the nose can cause poor development of oral functions, such as breathing and eating.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1663229423000},"page":"1555-1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Factors related to mouth breathing syndrome in preschool children and the effects of incompetent lip seal: An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0818-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Inada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issei","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Asahi University School of Dentistry Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasutaka","family":"Kaihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Hygiene Course Ogaki Women's College Gifu Ogaki\u2010shi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Nogami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata University Niigata Chuo\u2010ku Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kiyokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Asahi University School of Dentistry Gifu Japan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science Niigata University Niigata Chuo\u2010ku Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reira","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Asahi University School of Dentistry Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kensuke","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Asahi University School of Dentistry Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youichi","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"The fourth dimension in orthodontia","volume":"24","author":"Brodie A. D.","year":"1954","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"e327","article-title":"Oral health knowledge in pre\u2010school children: A survey among parents in central Italy","volume":"11","author":"Calcagnile F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572010000300007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.2102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00047903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2012.02306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2019.1656936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/020509-78.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino10.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30789-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/21.4.323"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"e995","article-title":"Evaluation of the orthodontic treatment need in a paediatric sample from Southern Italy and its importance among paediatricians for improving oral health in pediatric dentistry","volume":"9","author":"Luzzi V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20142014015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"730","volume-title":"Handbook of orthodontics","author":"Moyers M. E.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/020115-80.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12328"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00933-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132011000400009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.20.3.080-087.oar"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/103010-639.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.71.5.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx061"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Electromyographic activity of lower lip muscles when chewing with the lips in contact and apart","volume":"74","author":"Tomiyama N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/207605"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On an equilibrium theory of tooth position","volume":"33","author":"Weinstein S.","year":"1963","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.661","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cre2.661","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.661","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:02:09Z","timestamp":1692489729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cre2.661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cre2.661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cre2.661","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-4347","2057-4347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-4347","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-4347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}