{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T13:28:34Z","timestamp":1767014914258,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sympathomimetic nasal solutions (SNS), containing oxymetazoline or phenylephrine, may be used directly onto dental pulp tissue and initiate hemostasis via activation of alpha\u2010receptors that innervate arteriole smooth muscles. The aim of this study was to assess these SNS's biocompatibility with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and ability to kill a deep caries\u2010associated pathogen,\n                      <jats:italic>Rothia dentocariosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A Kirby\u2010Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test assessed SNS zones of inhibition (ZOI) toward\n                      <jats:italic>R. dentocariosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth on agar plates. Over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) SNS containing 0.025% and 0.05% oxymetazoline (NS\u2010OXY\u2010kids, NS\u2010OXY\u2010original) and 1% phenylephrine (NS\u2010PHE) were tested along with ingredients found in these nasal solutions: 0.025%, 0.05% oxymetazoline; 0.0125%, 0.025% benzalkonium chloride; and 0.2%, 1% phenylephrine (PHE). A second antimicrobial broth inhibition assay examined effects on\n                      <jats:italic>R. dentocariosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      planktonic growth. A 24\u2010h recovery biocompatibility assay with resazurin (alamarBlue) was performed on hDPSC that were exposed to pure respective compound solutions, NS\u2010OXY\u2010kids, NS\u2010PHE, and 1% PHE for 10\u2009min.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NS\u2010OXY\u2010kids, NS\u2010OXY\u2010original, NS\u2010PHE, and 0.025% BKC were bactericidal toward\n                      <jats:italic>R. dentocariosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      with an average ZOI of (16.33\u2009\u00b1\u20092.22 [average \u00b1 SD] mm). NS\u2010PHE had a small but statistically significant difference (17.83\u2009\u00b1\u20093.189\u2009mm) between NS\u2010OXY\u2010kids (14.67\u2009\u00b1\u20091.033\u2009mm); 0.0125% BKC had a smaller (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) ZOI of 10.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.837\u2009mm. Solutions containing solely OXY (0.025%, 0.05%) and PHE (0.2%, 1%) demonstrated no bactericidal activity but had a slight bacteriostatic inhibition in the broth inhibition assay. The commercial OTC formulations of NS\u2010PHE and NS\u2010OXY\u2010kids needed to be diluted 1:10 to have near 50% metabolic activity of hDPSCs normalized to untreated control cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NS\u2010PHE and NS\u2010OXY (both original and kids) had antimicrobial activity toward\n                      <jats:italic>R. dentocariosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and comparable biocompatibility with hDPSCs. SNS may have both hemostatic and antimicrobial properties if used as pulpal medicaments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:02:04Z","timestamp":1765375324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tissue Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Properties of Sympathomimetic Nasal Solutions for Potential Use in Dental Pulpal Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Developmental &amp; Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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