{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1776949671215,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate evaluation of the anatomical relationship between posterior maxillary teeth and the maxillary sinus is critical in dental treatments such as orthodontics, surgery, and implantology. This study investigates the efficacy of deep learning models applied to panoramic images for predicting this anatomical relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 300 panoramic images and 1760 cropped slices were collected and converted to PNG format at a resolution of 512 \u00d7 512 pixels. Three convolutional neural network architectures\u2014VGG, ResNet, and ResNeXt\u2014were trained and evaluated. The dataset was split into training (80%), validation (10%), and testing (10%) sets. Performance metrics included accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, ROC\u2010AUC, and confusion matrices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The VGG model achieved an accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of 0.84, with an ROC\u2010AUC of 0.89. ResNet and ResNeXt demonstrated superior performance with all metrics at 0.88 and ROC\u2010AUC values of 0.93 and 0.94, respectively. Both ResNet and ResNeXt showed signs of overfitting after 30\u201350 epochs, suggesting the need for early stopping or regularization. False positives mainly occurred in second molars falsely classified as contacting the sinus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep learning models, particularly ResNet and ResNeXt, provide reliable assessment of the anatomical relationship between posterior maxillary teeth and the maxillary sinus using panoramic radiographs. These models can serve as efficient diagnostic aids when CBCT is unavailable, improving clinical decision\u2010making in panoramic images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:43:58Z","timestamp":1765863838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep Learning Models for Evaluating the Anatomical Relationship Between Posterior Maxillary Teeth and Maxillary Sinus in Panoramic Radiographs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2392-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram","family":"Fallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9273-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019 Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojdeh","family":"Mehdizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2272-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Riahi Farsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Shahrekord University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Moannaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of Hormozgan University Bandar Abbas Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Amir Hossein","family":"Ourang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hossaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianrico","family":"Spagnuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019 Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1127-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Rengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences University of Naples \u2018Federico II\u2019 Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6611"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6924314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective","author":"Murphy K. 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