{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:45:21Z","timestamp":1782740721643,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malocclusion and the treatment process can affect the person's quality of life, which includes physical and psychological effects. Classifying the patient accurately is critical to achieving the desired output. This study aimed to improve the current diagnostic process with artificial\u2010intelligence algorithms using the lateral cephalogram.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study sample consisted of 1014 Arab patients diagnosed with skeletal class I, II, or III. In this study, we used linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), K\u2010nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and naive Bayes (NB) as classification models. In addition, we calculated the parameters' importance using two techniques\u2014the impurity decreases and the leave\u2010one\u2010feature\u2010out (LOFO) technique. Finally, we applied an artificial neural network (ANN) to classify the patients accurately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of the influential models presented in this study was the model that included only the parameters Wits appraisal, SNB, SNA, and ML\u2010NSL angles. It could classify the patients with an accuracy of 0.98. In addition, we applied the leave\u2010one\u2010feature\u2010out technique (LOFO) for multiple random forest models and found that the Calculated_ANB (ANB angle\u2010individualized ANB) and Wits appraisal were the most important parameters in the random forest models. Besides, age and gender were in 8th and 21st places (out of 26 variables). Furthermore, the decision tree results demonstrated the distinct characteristics of this ethnic group, which were presented by different ranges of ANB angles that define every skeletal class. The results showed that the tree's root classified the patient as skeletal class III when the ANB angle is less than 0.084 degrees, and skeletal class II if the ANB angle is greater than 1.23.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, this research presented a model enabling orthodontists to precisely classify orthodontic patients. Further research should include different ethnic groups to validate our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T18:20:19Z","timestamp":1780856419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applying Automated Artificial Intelligence Models on Lateral Cephalometric Parameters to Accurately Classify Arab Orthodontic Patient Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kareem","family":"Midlej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Gray Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Proff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nezar","family":"Watted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dentistry Research and Aesthetics Jatt Israel"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Arab American University Jenin Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5525-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuad A.","family":"Iraqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Gray Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Regensburg University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Relationship Between Dental Arch Parameters and Mandibular Plane Angle\u2014Proquest","volume":"10","author":"Alghamdi M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.jos_38_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14639238809010100"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"510","article-title":"Gender Differences in Class III Malocclusion","volume":"75","author":"Baccetti T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(83)90177-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"A New X\u2010Ray Technique and Its Application to Orthodontia","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent B. 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