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An electronic search was conducted through June 30, 2026. Two independent reviewers extracted data according to predefined inclusion criteria and performed screening and quality appraisal. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven studies were included, involving 640 participants: 168 vapers, 138 traditional cigarette smokers, and 334 non\u2010smokers. There was no significant difference in clinical response to periodontal and peri\u2010implant therapy between tobacco and e\u2010cigarette users, both of whom fared worse than non\u2010smokers. Immunological outcomes were similar between smokers and vapers, with some exceptions, such as higher TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels in e\u2010cigarette users. No meta\u2010analysis was performed due to the heterogeneity of the included studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current limited evidence suggests that vaping may be associated with less favorable periodontal and peri\u2010implant treatment outcomes compared with non\u2010smoking, with trends resembling those observed in cigarette smokers. Further research is required to clarify the extent to which vaping affects treatment outcomes compared to cigarette smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:19:17Z","timestamp":1789496357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Vaping on Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Gingivitis, Periodontitis, and\/or Peri\u2010Implant Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6940-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey May","family":"Gould","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine Anne","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Dominique","family":"Gaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5565-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibadat Kaur","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayleigh Jade","family":"Hugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Rodrigues","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endodontics Nova Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine Fort Lauderdale Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1780-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Martins","family":"de Mello\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Campus Smithfield Cairns Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Townsville Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Oral and Systemic Health Implications of Electronic Cigarette Usage as Compared to Conventional Tobacco Cigarettes: A Review of the Literature","volume":"97","author":"Abbott A. 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