{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T15:46:26Z","timestamp":1791733586185,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the remineralization efficacy and surface effects of 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste fortified with synthetic hydroxyapatite (Syn\u2010HAP) of varying particle sizes and concentrations on synthetic enamel.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nano\u2010sized Syn\u2010HAP (nanoSyn\u2010HAP) was synthesized via a mechanochemical process and characterized using X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sixty disc\u2010shaped synthetic pellets underwent artificial caries induction and were randomly divided into five groups: Untreated (negative control), commercial 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste (FT), FT plus 5% micrometer\u2010sized Syn\u2010HAP (FT+5mHAP), FT plus 5% nanoSyn\u2010HAP (FT+5nHAP), and FT plus 10% nanoSyn\u2010HAP (FT+10nHAP). Specimens then underwent a 15\u2010day pH cycling regimen with twice\u2010daily treatments. Knoop microhardness was evaluated at baseline, post\u2010caries induction, and post\u2010treatment; surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were assessed at baseline and post\u2010treatment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post\u2010hoc tests (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      XRD confirmed a pure hydroxyapatite phase, and TEM indicated that 93% of particles were smaller than 50\u2009nm. All toothpaste\u2010treated groups exhibited significant microhardness recovery versus the untreated group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with no significant differences among them. The untreated and FT groups showed significantly increased roughness after 15 days (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), whereas all Syn\u2010HAP groups maintained smoothness comparable to baseline, with significantly lower roughness than FT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). SEM corroborated these findings, revealing smoother surfaces with particle integration in the Syn\u2010HAP groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under the conditions of this in vitro study, supplementing 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste with Syn\u2010HAP produced surface microhardness recovery that did not differ significantly from that of standard fluoride toothpaste, while significantly improving the preservation of surface smoothness. Syn\u2010HAP\u2010fortified formulations therefore offer a promising approach for caries management, combining effective surface hardening with superior surface integrity, although confirmation in in situ and in vivo settings is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:44:36Z","timestamp":1791139476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of Fluoride Toothpaste Fortified With Micro\u2010 and Nano\u2010Hydroxyapatite on Remineralization and Surface Roughness of Synthetic Enamel"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Porawit","family":"Kamnoedboon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Clinic of Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine University 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