{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:52:57Z","timestamp":1791294777161,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and essential oil\u2013containing mouthwash (EOM) on periodontal health in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment over a 3\u2010month follow\u2010up period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This double\u2010blinded, parallel\u2010arm randomized\u2010controlled clinical trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics, Saidu College of Dentistry, Swat, Pakistan. Sixty participants aged 13\u201340 years undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated to receive either 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash or Listerine essential oil mouthwash, dispensed in identical coded containers to ensure blinding. Participants were instructed to rinse with 10\u2009mL of the assigned mouthwash twice daily for 30\u2009s for 3 months while maintaining routine oral hygiene practices. The primary outcomes were the plaque index and the gingival index. Tooth staining was assessed as a secondary outcome (harm). Clinical outcomes, including the plaque index, the gingival index, and the stain index, were recorded at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months by a calibrated examiner. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equation models to evaluate longitudinal changes between groups, with statistical significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The gingival index showed a significant change over time (Wald\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), with no statistically significant overall difference between the CHX and Listerine groups (Wald\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07). The plaque index was significantly higher in the CHX group than in the Listerine group (Wald\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The stain index was also significantly higher in the CHX group than in the Listerine group (Wald\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both mouthwashes were associated with changes in periodontal health during fixed orthodontic treatment. Compared with CHX, EOM was associated with significantly lower plaque index and stain index scores, whereas no statistically significant overall difference between groups was observed for the gingival index.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      This trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT07119840).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:54:46Z","timestamp":1791291286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Clinical Effects of Essential Oil\u2013Containing Mouthwash and Chlorhexidine Mouth Wash in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment \u2013 Three\u2010Month Follow\u2010up Randomized\u2010Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2101-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazli","family":"Rabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health MS Epidemiology and Biostatistics Scholar Khyber Medical University Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences Khyber Medical University Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8360-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology, Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia Asif","family":"Samdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics Isra University Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4556-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Naseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Debrecen Debrecen Hajd\u00fa\u2010Bihar Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdous","family":"Bukhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Saidu College of Dentistry Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4726-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Campobasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0258-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pandis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.237244","article-title":"The Effect of Fluoride Varnish and Chlorhexidine Gel on White Spots and Gingival and Plaque Indices in Fixed Orthodontic Patients: A Placebo\u2010Controlled Study","volume":"15","author":"Alavi S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dental Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2017.12.004","article-title":"The Use of Mouthwash Containing Essential Oils (Listerine\u00ae) to Improve Oral Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Alshehri F. 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H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1975.tb00414.x","article-title":"Effect of Listerine\u00ae on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis","volume":"83","author":"Fornell J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"European Journal of Oral Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjaf048","article-title":"Effects of Mouthwashes on the Morphology, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Materials: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Studies","volume":"47","author":"Gkinosati A. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthodontics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.16-0280","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of a 1% Matricaria Chamomile L. 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A. C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04953-z","article-title":"Preprocedural Mouthwashes for Infection Control in Dentistry\u2014An Update","volume":"27","author":"Weber J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027005370.x","article-title":"Effect of an Essential Oil\u2010Containing Antiseptic Mouthrinse on Induction of Platelet Aggregation by Oral Bacteria In Vitro","volume":"27","author":"Whitaker E. J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.64.e63528","article-title":"Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing the Clinical Effectiveness of Mouthwashes Based on Essential Oils, Chlorhexidine, Hydrogen Peroxide and Prebiotic in Gingivitis Treatment","volume":"64","author":"Yaneva B. K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Medica"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22919","article-title":"Origin and Nature of Pelvic Ureter Innervation","volume":"36","author":"Zaitouna M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05356-6","article-title":"Dynamic Effects of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Oral Health and Oral Microbiota: A Prospective Study","volume":"24","author":"Zhao M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.70477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cre2.70477","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.70477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1791291290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cre2.70477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cre2.70477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cre2.70477","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-4347","2057-4347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-4347","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-4347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70477"}}